An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan
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Published
Nov 30, 2019
Abstract
Despite the importance of lifelong education and its reported benefits for graduates entering the workforce, few empirical studies have evaluated the relationship between continuing education on entrepreneurship. In order to address this research gap, this study conducted secondary data analysis from the 2015 Adult Education Survey in Taiwan (AEST 2015) conducted by the Taiwan Ministry of Education. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of youth engaged in entrepreneurship (as measured by self-employment) and evaluate the relationship between continuing education and youth entrepreneurship. A sample from Taiwan was purposefully selected due to cultural factors which balance Eastern and Western approaches to education, allowing for better generalizability to a variety of populations. Data from a total of 2,696 valid participants was utilized. The results are as follows: a) the rate of youth entrepreneurship in Taiwan is moderate, at 8%; b) participation in continuing education demonstrated no significant relationship on youth entrepreneurship; c) entrepreneurial youth tend not to participate in continuing education, citing reasons including “lack of time” and “lack of necessary courses” at a frequency higher than non-entrepreneurial youth; and d) in terms of opportunities for future participation in continuing education, entrepreneurial youth placed less emphasis on the importance of transportation costs and tuition fees as compared to non-entrepreneurial youths. The results of this study suggest that continuing education courses are not currently meeting the needs of young entrepreneurs. Conclusions and suggestions are provided in terms of the evaluation of youth self-employment and continuing education opportunities for the promotion of entrepreneurship.
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Keywords
Taiwan Youth, Self-employment, Entrepreneurship, Continuing Education
Supporting Agencies
Jining Social Science Research Project (Project No. 19JSGX018).
References
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Afolabi, M.O., Kareem, F.A., Okubanjo, I.O., Ogunbanjo, O.A., & Aninkan, O.O. (2017). Effect of entrepreneurship education on self-employment initiatives among Nigerian science and technology students. J Edu Prac, 8(15), 44-51.
Arend, R.J. (2019). Entrepreneurial entrepreneurship youth education: Initiating grounded theory. Entrepre Edu, 2(1-2), 71-89.
Bao, Z., Teng, H., Peng, J., & Liu, X. (2018). The influencing factors and improvements of college students’ abilities in innovation and entrepreneurship-from the perspective of school and society. In 2018 8th International Conference on SSER. Paris: Atlantis Press.
Bates, T., & Bates, T.M. (1997). Race, self-employment, and upward mobility: An illusive American dream. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bhat, S., & Khan, R. (2014). Entrepreneurship education ecosystem: An assessment study of J&K state. Inter J Econ, Commer Manag, 2(4), 1-8.
Cardoso, A., Cairrão, À., Petrova, D., & Figueiredo, J. (2018). Assessment of the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship classes in the Bulgarian secondary education. J Entrepr Edu, 21(2), 1–21.
Chen, S.C., Hsiao, H.C., Chang, J.C., Chou, C.M., Chen, C.P., & Shen, C.H. (2015). Can the entrepreneurship course improve the entrepreneurial intentions of students? Inter Entrepr Manag J, 11(3), 557-569.
Chowdhury, F., Audretsch, D.B., & Belitski, M. (2019). Institutions and entrepreneurship quality. Entrepr Theo Prac, 43(1), 51-81.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ding, X.Q., & Yan, J.R. (2011). Discussion on the relationship model of factors affecting the employment ability of college students: Take the general university in Taiwan as an example. Edu Polic Forum, 14(2), 1-33.
Downey, J.A., Pusser, B., & Turner, J.K. (2006). Competing missions: balancing entrepreneurialism with community responsiveness in community college continuing education divisions. New Direc Comm Coll, 136, 75-82.
Feng, J.Y. (2016). Building a thriving ecosystem for young entrepreneurs in Taiwan. Innova: Tech, Govern, Global, 11(1-2), 4-11.
Hsu, C.Y., & Wang, S.M. (2019). Social entrepreneurial intentions and its influential factors: A comparison of students in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Innova Edu Teach Inter, 56(3), 385-395.
International Labour Office. (2017). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Jia, L., Yuanyuan, G., & Cong, C. (2018). Entrepreneurship effectiveness: A meta-analysis on entrepreneurs. Foreign Eco Manag, 40(6), 29-43.
Jin, P. (2008). Talking about the lifelong development trend of adult continuing education in China. Chin Adult Edu, 8, 25-26.
Karimi, S., Chizari, M., Biemans, H.J., & Mulder, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education in Iranian higher education: The current state and challenges. Euro J Sci Res, 48(1), 35-50.
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., & Kensbock, J.M. (2019). I can’t get no sleep-The differential impact of entrepreneurial stressors on work-home interference and insomnia among experienced versus novice entrepreneurs. J Bus Ventu, 34(4), 692-708.
Liao, L.X. (2013). An analysis of the implementation of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions in Japan and Taiwan. Manag Infor Compu, 2(1), 157-163.
Liberto, V.N. (2005). Entrepreneurship in continuing dental education: A dental school perspective. J Am Coll Dentists, 72(2), 10-11.
Lim, D.H., You, J., Kim, J., & Hwang, J. (2019). Instructional design for adult and continuing higher education: Theoretical and practical considerations. In Y. Vovides & L.R. Lemus (Eds.). Optimizing instructional design methods in higher education (pp. 73-100). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Liu, P. (2018). Research on the path of university innovation transformation——Based on the case of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. China High Edu, 601(Z1), 79-81.
Liu, R.L., & Lin, D.S. (2011). A Study on the factors influencing graduation flow of college students. Contemp Edu Res, 19(1), 101-144.
Lu, H.K., Chang, K.C., Yan, M.J., & Lin, P.C. (2016). Organizational innovation for continuing education in higher education in Taiwan: The case of the Chinese Culture University. Inter J Contin Edu Lifel Learn, 8(2), 128.
Ministry of Education. (2009). U-Start innovation and entrepreneurship program. Retrieved from https://ustart.yda.gov.tw/files/40-1000-18-25.php?Lang=zh-tw.
Ministry of Education. (2010). Excellent: The way to be outstanding – Technical and Vocational Education in Taiwan. Taipei: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2018). 2015 Adult Education Survey in Taiwan (AI010003) [data file]. Survey Research Data Archive, Academia Sinica.
Nazio, T., & Gábos, A. (2017). Policy themes on family matters. In J. O’Reilly, M. Clémentine, T, Nazio, & M. Smith (Eds.), Youth employment: STYLE handbook (pp. 229-231). Mountain View, CA: CHROME.
Nikolova, M. (2019). Switching to self-employment can be good for your health. J Bus Ventu, 34(4), 664-691.
Niiyama, H., Kontkanen, I., Paavilainen, E., & Kamibeppu, K. (2018). A comparison of personality maturity among Japanese youth and Finnish young adult students: a cross-sectional study using Erikson psychosocial stage inventory and sense of coherence scale. Inter J Adole Youth, 23(4), 482-495.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2010). Education at a glance 2010: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Education at a glance 2018: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
Ortlieb, R., Sheehan, M., & Masso, J. (2017). Is self-employment a solution to young people’s employment problems? In J. O’Reilly, M. Clémentine, T, Nazio, & M. Smith (Eds.), Youth employment: STYLE handbook (pp. 229-231). Mountain View, CA: CHROME.
Quadrini, V. (1999). The importance of entrepreneurship for wealth concentration and mobility. Rev Inco Wealth, 45(1), 1-19.
Pantea, M. C. (2016). On entrepreneurial education: Dilemmas and tensions in nonformal learning. Stud Contin Edu, 38(1), 86-100.
Rapp, C., Shore, J., & Tosun, J. (2018). Not so risky business? How social policies shape the perceived feasibility of self-employment. J Eur Soc Policy, 28(2), 143-160.
State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Implementation opinions on deepening the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/13/content_2861327.htm.
Sun, T.Y., & Huang, T.C. (2018). The reconstruction of positive multicultural environments through translingualism in Taiwan. Psychol, 8(5), 192-203.
Thomas, M.K. (2009). The impact of education histories on the decision to become self-employed: A study of young, aspiring, minority business owners. Small Bus Eco, 33(4), 455.
Wada, B.T., & Muhammad, I.N. (2010). Adult education, entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation among Kano housewives. Bayero J Interdisc Stud, 1(2), 94 – 102.
Wang, J., Bao, C., Cao, J., & Kring, S. (2016). Jobs and skills for youth: Review of policies for youth employment of China. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Wang, C.Y., & Hsu, W.C. (2016). Classroom climate, instrumental help-seeking behaviour, and learnerl among continuing education students. Merit Res J Edu Rev, 4(2), 19-27.
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J.K. (2011). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA. J Global Entrepre Res, 1(1), 35-44.
Yang, J.C.C. (2019). The shaping of academic culture in higher education in Taiwan: Confucianism, historic legacy, and Western influences. In A. Jun & C. S. Collins (Eds.), Higher education and belief systems in the Asia Pacific region (pp. 15-25). Springer, Singapore.
Yang, M.N., Wang, H., Wang, C.M., Chen, H.M., & Cai, W. (2019). On the integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education of college students and basic courses of materials major. Edu Teach Forum, 407e, 99-101.
Yu, M.C., Goh, M., Kao, H.Y., & Wu, W.H. (2017). A comparative study of entrepreneurship education between Singapore and Taiwan. Manag Dec, 55(7), 1426-1440.
Afolabi, M.O., Kareem, F.A., Okubanjo, I.O., Ogunbanjo, O.A., & Aninkan, O.O. (2017). Effect of entrepreneurship education on self-employment initiatives among Nigerian science and technology students. J Edu Prac, 8(15), 44-51.
Arend, R.J. (2019). Entrepreneurial entrepreneurship youth education: Initiating grounded theory. Entrepre Edu, 2(1-2), 71-89.
Bao, Z., Teng, H., Peng, J., & Liu, X. (2018). The influencing factors and improvements of college students’ abilities in innovation and entrepreneurship-from the perspective of school and society. In 2018 8th International Conference on SSER. Paris: Atlantis Press.
Bates, T., & Bates, T.M. (1997). Race, self-employment, and upward mobility: An illusive American dream. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bhat, S., & Khan, R. (2014). Entrepreneurship education ecosystem: An assessment study of J&K state. Inter J Econ, Commer Manag, 2(4), 1-8.
Cardoso, A., Cairrão, À., Petrova, D., & Figueiredo, J. (2018). Assessment of the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship classes in the Bulgarian secondary education. J Entrepr Edu, 21(2), 1–21.
Chen, S.C., Hsiao, H.C., Chang, J.C., Chou, C.M., Chen, C.P., & Shen, C.H. (2015). Can the entrepreneurship course improve the entrepreneurial intentions of students? Inter Entrepr Manag J, 11(3), 557-569.
Chowdhury, F., Audretsch, D.B., & Belitski, M. (2019). Institutions and entrepreneurship quality. Entrepr Theo Prac, 43(1), 51-81.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ding, X.Q., & Yan, J.R. (2011). Discussion on the relationship model of factors affecting the employment ability of college students: Take the general university in Taiwan as an example. Edu Polic Forum, 14(2), 1-33.
Downey, J.A., Pusser, B., & Turner, J.K. (2006). Competing missions: balancing entrepreneurialism with community responsiveness in community college continuing education divisions. New Direc Comm Coll, 136, 75-82.
Feng, J.Y. (2016). Building a thriving ecosystem for young entrepreneurs in Taiwan. Innova: Tech, Govern, Global, 11(1-2), 4-11.
Hsu, C.Y., & Wang, S.M. (2019). Social entrepreneurial intentions and its influential factors: A comparison of students in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Innova Edu Teach Inter, 56(3), 385-395.
International Labour Office. (2017). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017: Paths to a better working future. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Jia, L., Yuanyuan, G., & Cong, C. (2018). Entrepreneurship effectiveness: A meta-analysis on entrepreneurs. Foreign Eco Manag, 40(6), 29-43.
Jin, P. (2008). Talking about the lifelong development trend of adult continuing education in China. Chin Adult Edu, 8, 25-26.
Karimi, S., Chizari, M., Biemans, H.J., & Mulder, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship education in Iranian higher education: The current state and challenges. Euro J Sci Res, 48(1), 35-50.
Kollmann, T., Stöckmann, C., & Kensbock, J.M. (2019). I can’t get no sleep-The differential impact of entrepreneurial stressors on work-home interference and insomnia among experienced versus novice entrepreneurs. J Bus Ventu, 34(4), 692-708.
Liao, L.X. (2013). An analysis of the implementation of entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions in Japan and Taiwan. Manag Infor Compu, 2(1), 157-163.
Liberto, V.N. (2005). Entrepreneurship in continuing dental education: A dental school perspective. J Am Coll Dentists, 72(2), 10-11.
Lim, D.H., You, J., Kim, J., & Hwang, J. (2019). Instructional design for adult and continuing higher education: Theoretical and practical considerations. In Y. Vovides & L.R. Lemus (Eds.). Optimizing instructional design methods in higher education (pp. 73-100). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Liu, P. (2018). Research on the path of university innovation transformation——Based on the case of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. China High Edu, 601(Z1), 79-81.
Liu, R.L., & Lin, D.S. (2011). A Study on the factors influencing graduation flow of college students. Contemp Edu Res, 19(1), 101-144.
Lu, H.K., Chang, K.C., Yan, M.J., & Lin, P.C. (2016). Organizational innovation for continuing education in higher education in Taiwan: The case of the Chinese Culture University. Inter J Contin Edu Lifel Learn, 8(2), 128.
Ministry of Education. (2009). U-Start innovation and entrepreneurship program. Retrieved from https://ustart.yda.gov.tw/files/40-1000-18-25.php?Lang=zh-tw.
Ministry of Education. (2010). Excellent: The way to be outstanding – Technical and Vocational Education in Taiwan. Taipei: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2018). 2015 Adult Education Survey in Taiwan (AI010003) [data file]. Survey Research Data Archive, Academia Sinica.
Nazio, T., & Gábos, A. (2017). Policy themes on family matters. In J. O’Reilly, M. Clémentine, T, Nazio, & M. Smith (Eds.), Youth employment: STYLE handbook (pp. 229-231). Mountain View, CA: CHROME.
Nikolova, M. (2019). Switching to self-employment can be good for your health. J Bus Ventu, 34(4), 664-691.
Niiyama, H., Kontkanen, I., Paavilainen, E., & Kamibeppu, K. (2018). A comparison of personality maturity among Japanese youth and Finnish young adult students: a cross-sectional study using Erikson psychosocial stage inventory and sense of coherence scale. Inter J Adole Youth, 23(4), 482-495.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2010). Education at a glance 2010: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2018). Education at a glance 2018: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.
Ortlieb, R., Sheehan, M., & Masso, J. (2017). Is self-employment a solution to young people’s employment problems? In J. O’Reilly, M. Clémentine, T, Nazio, & M. Smith (Eds.), Youth employment: STYLE handbook (pp. 229-231). Mountain View, CA: CHROME.
Quadrini, V. (1999). The importance of entrepreneurship for wealth concentration and mobility. Rev Inco Wealth, 45(1), 1-19.
Pantea, M. C. (2016). On entrepreneurial education: Dilemmas and tensions in nonformal learning. Stud Contin Edu, 38(1), 86-100.
Rapp, C., Shore, J., & Tosun, J. (2018). Not so risky business? How social policies shape the perceived feasibility of self-employment. J Eur Soc Policy, 28(2), 143-160.
State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). Implementation opinions on deepening the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Retrieved from http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2015-05/13/content_2861327.htm.
Sun, T.Y., & Huang, T.C. (2018). The reconstruction of positive multicultural environments through translingualism in Taiwan. Psychol, 8(5), 192-203.
Thomas, M.K. (2009). The impact of education histories on the decision to become self-employed: A study of young, aspiring, minority business owners. Small Bus Eco, 33(4), 455.
Wada, B.T., & Muhammad, I.N. (2010). Adult education, entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation among Kano housewives. Bayero J Interdisc Stud, 1(2), 94 – 102.
Wang, J., Bao, C., Cao, J., & Kring, S. (2016). Jobs and skills for youth: Review of policies for youth employment of China. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Wang, C.Y., & Hsu, W.C. (2016). Classroom climate, instrumental help-seeking behaviour, and learnerl among continuing education students. Merit Res J Edu Rev, 4(2), 19-27.
Wang, W., Lu, W., & Millington, J.K. (2011). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among college students in China and USA. J Global Entrepre Res, 1(1), 35-44.
Yang, J.C.C. (2019). The shaping of academic culture in higher education in Taiwan: Confucianism, historic legacy, and Western influences. In A. Jun & C. S. Collins (Eds.), Higher education and belief systems in the Asia Pacific region (pp. 15-25). Springer, Singapore.
Yang, M.N., Wang, H., Wang, C.M., Chen, H.M., & Cai, W. (2019). On the integration of innovation and entrepreneurship education of college students and basic courses of materials major. Edu Teach Forum, 407e, 99-101.
Yu, M.C., Goh, M., Kao, H.Y., & Wu, W.H. (2017). A comparative study of entrepreneurship education between Singapore and Taiwan. Manag Dec, 55(7), 1426-1440.
How to Cite
Liu, C.-Q., Gamble, J. H., & Chen, . I. H. (2019). An Empirical Study of the Influence of Continuing Education on Youth Entrepreneurship in Taiwan. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 3(2), 331–346. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.19.ar1261
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