Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Published
Feb 29, 2020
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common disease in developed countries and affects more than half of the population in low- and middle-income countries. In the past decade, studies have shown that biological and sociological factors have a significant effect on the occurrence and development of AD. Among them, genetic and environmental factors, pathophysiological characteristics, and unhealthy lifestyle factors cause the neurological symptoms. Among them, the risk factors of cognitive decline in the elderly caused by lifestyle can be intervened in the early stage. If some adults can overcome these risk factors as early as possible, they can predict that they will gradually reduce their cognitive impairment over time, and the likelihood of developing AD will decrease in the future.
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Keywords
Alzheimer’s Disease, Cognitive Ability, Lifestyle, Risk Factors
References
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8. Mao LD. Risk genes and disease pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Xinjiang Med Univ, 2016, 39 (7): 923-925.
9. Zhu LJ, Ji XL. The genetic research progress of Alzheimer’s disease. World Latest Med Inf, 2016, 16 (49): 40-41.
10. Russ TC, Murianni L, Icaza G, et al. Geographical variation in dementia mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: the impact of latitude, vitamin D, and air pollution. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2016, 42 (1-2): 31-41.
11. Qin JF. Trace elements and Alzheimer’s disease. Guangdong Trace Elem Sci, 2015, 22 (5): 1-17.
12. Cardoso BR, Cominetti C, Cozzolino SMF. Importance and management of micronutrient deficiencies in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Interv Aging, 2013, 8: 531-542.
13. Hou H, Wang X. Relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and trace elements and oxidative stress. Journal of Cardiovascular and Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Integ Chin West Med, 2014, 12 (8): 983-985.
14. Masoud AM, Bihaqi SW, Machan JT, et al. Early-life exposure to lead (Pb) alters the expression of microRNA that target proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 51 (4): 1257-1264.
15. Oudin A, Forsberg B, Adolfsson AN, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in Northern Sweden: a longitudinal study. Environ Health Perspect, 2016, 124 (3): 306-312.
16. Cui Z, Chen J. Research progress on epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease. J Chron Dis, 2014, 15 (1): 52-57.
17. Jia JP. This study was awarded with the second grade national prize for science and technology progress-The application study on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. J Capital Med Univ, 2014, 35 (1): 1 -5.
18. Hendrie HC, Ogunniyi A, Hall KS, et al. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in 2 communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana. JAMA, 2001, 285 (6): 739-747.
19. Chang KH, Chang MY, Muo CH, et al. Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: a population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One, 2014, 9 (8): e103078.
20. Pitocco D, Tesauro M, Alessandro R, et al. Oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for vascular and other complications. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14 (3): 21525-21550.
21. Cui W. Pathogenesis and clinical drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Electronic Journal of Clinical Medical Literature, 2015, 2 (19): 3903.
22. Chen RL, Wilson K, Chen Y, et al. Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and dementia syndromes. Occup Environ Med, 2013, 70 (1): 63-69.
23. Chen SY, Li XQ. Alzheimer’s disease prevalence study and analysis of influencing factors. Chin J Public Health Eng, 2016, 15 (3): 266-267, 272.
24. Esiri MM, Joachim C, Sloan C, et al. Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease in subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease: a clinicopathologic study in the Oxford Project to investigate memory and ageing (OPTIMA). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2014, 28 (1): 30-35.
25. Zhang XW, Hou WS, Li M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline in the elderly: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2016, 28 (1): 165-166.
26. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA. Dietary factors and cognitive decline. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 3 (1): 53-64.
27. Mohajeri MH, Troesch B, Weber P. Inadequate supply of vitamins and DHA in the elderly: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer-type dementia. Nutrition, 2015, 31 (2): 261-275.
28. Huang JJ, Xu Z, Qu C, Feng M. Correlative study about sleep disorders of elderly patients with dementia. China Med Her, 2018, 15 (2): 108-111.
29. Zou C, Xu T, Yu C, et al. Correlation between Alzheimer’s and sleep disorders and their characteristics. Chin Hosp Stat, 2017, 24 (2): 115-116.
30. Zhu L, Chen X, Wang WE. Characteristics of Sleep Disorders in Alzheimer’s Patients in Shanghai. Chin J Geront, 2017, 37 (3): 735-736.
31. Jernerén F, Elshorbagy AK, Oulhaj A, et al. Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ?-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. The Am J Clin Nutr, 2015, 102 (1): 215-221.
32. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang YM, et al. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement, 2015, 11 (9): 1007-1014.
33. Hardman RJ, Kennedy G, Macpherson H, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and effects on cognition in adults: a qualitative evaluation and systematic review of longitudinal and prospective trials. Front Nutr, 2016, 3: 22.
34. Chen K, Chen F, Jiang PJ. Nutritional status screening in hospitalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Guangxi Med J, 2018, 40 (18): 2181-2183.
35. Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski DF, Lau FC, et al. The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing. Br J Nutr, 2015, 114 (10): 1542-1549.
36. Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol, 2016, 53 (9): 6144-6154.
37. Jia WH, Ma Y, Chen RL, et al. Prevalence and influence factors of dementia: A study on the elderly in some urban and rural communities in China. Acta Univ Med Anhui, 2012, 47 (8): 944-947.
38. Sachdeva A, Chandra M, Choudhary M, et al. Alcohol-related dementia and neurocognitive impairment: a review study. Int J High Risk Behav Addict, 2016, 5 (3): e27976.
39. Hagger-Johnson G, Sabia S, Brunner EJ, et al. Combined impact of smoking and heavy alcohol use on cognitive decline in early old age: Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry, 2013, 203 (2): 120-125.
40. Si Q, Zhu LP, Yan W, et al. Epidemic situation of Alzheimer’s disease and hypomnesia among residents aged 60 years and above in Jiangxi Province. Practical Clin Med, 2018, 19 (1): 83-87.
41. Carvalho A, Rea IM, Parimon T, Cusack BJ. Physical activity and cognitive function in individuals over 60 years of age: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging, 2014, 9: 661-682.
42. Rosano C, Venkatraman VK, Guralnik J, et al. Psychomotor speed and functional brain MRI 2 years after completing a physical activity treatment. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci, 2010, 65A (6): 639-647.
43. Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume. J Neurosci, 2010, 30 (15): 5368-5375.
44. Meng XF, D’Arcy C. Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PLoS One, 2012, 7 (6): e38268.
45. Wang YJ, Bu XL, Xiang Y, et al. Investigation of pathogenetic mechanism, prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease via systemic approaches. Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg, 2018, 18 (1): 25-29.
46. Li X, Pan Y, Shao L, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related factors in retired cadres. Chin J Gerontol, 2014, 34 (12): 3413-3416.
47. Stringhini S, Sabia S, Shipley M, et al. Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality. JAMA, 2010, 303 (12): 1159-1166.
48. Van De Vorst IE, Koek HL, Stein CE, et al. Socioeconomic disparities and mortality after a diagnosis of dementia: results from a nationwide registry linkage study. Am J Epidemiol, 2016, 184 (3): 219-226.
49. Shi JZ, Gao M, Zhao JF. Analysis of the influence of exercise on Alzheimer’s disease. Bull Sport Sci Technol, 2018, 26 (7): 159-160.
50. Imtiaz B, Tolppanen AM, Kivipelto M, et al. Future directions in Alzheimer’s disease from risk factors to prevention. Biochem Pharmacol, 2014, 88 (4): 661-670.
2. Xiao X, Bai HY, Li N. To explore the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene and glucose lipid metabolism in patients with frontotem-poral dementia. J Apoplexy Nerv Dis, 2018, 35 (9): 800-803.
3. Leidinger P, Backes C, Deutscher S, et al. A blood based 12-miRNA signature of Alzheimer disease patients. Genome Biol, 2013, 14 (7).
4. Hu Y, Bai C, Zhou Y, et al. Research progress on biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. J Stroke Nerv Dis, 2016, 33 (1): 90-92.
5. Bertram L, Lill CM, Tanzi RE. The genetics of Alzheimer disease: back to the future. Neuron, 2010, 68 (2): 270-281.
6. Fang J, Cao R, Yang Y, et al. Relationship between mitochondria and Alzheimer’s disease and countermeasures. J Pract Diab, 2018, 14 (5): 13-15.
7. Liu YQ, Zhang YZ, Liu P, et al. MicroRNA-128 knockout inhibits the development of Alzheimer’s disease by targeting PPAR-gamma in mouse models. Eur J of Pharmacol, 2019, 843: 134-144.
8. Mao LD. Risk genes and disease pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. J Xinjiang Med Univ, 2016, 39 (7): 923-925.
9. Zhu LJ, Ji XL. The genetic research progress of Alzheimer’s disease. World Latest Med Inf, 2016, 16 (49): 40-41.
10. Russ TC, Murianni L, Icaza G, et al. Geographical variation in dementia mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: the impact of latitude, vitamin D, and air pollution. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2016, 42 (1-2): 31-41.
11. Qin JF. Trace elements and Alzheimer’s disease. Guangdong Trace Elem Sci, 2015, 22 (5): 1-17.
12. Cardoso BR, Cominetti C, Cozzolino SMF. Importance and management of micronutrient deficiencies in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Interv Aging, 2013, 8: 531-542.
13. Hou H, Wang X. Relationship between Alzheimer’s disease and trace elements and oxidative stress. Journal of Cardiovascular and Cerebral Vascular Diseases, Integ Chin West Med, 2014, 12 (8): 983-985.
14. Masoud AM, Bihaqi SW, Machan JT, et al. Early-life exposure to lead (Pb) alters the expression of microRNA that target proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 51 (4): 1257-1264.
15. Oudin A, Forsberg B, Adolfsson AN, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and dementia incidence in Northern Sweden: a longitudinal study. Environ Health Perspect, 2016, 124 (3): 306-312.
16. Cui Z, Chen J. Research progress on epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of Alzheimer’s disease. J Chron Dis, 2014, 15 (1): 52-57.
17. Jia JP. This study was awarded with the second grade national prize for science and technology progress-The application study on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment and dementia. J Capital Med Univ, 2014, 35 (1): 1 -5.
18. Hendrie HC, Ogunniyi A, Hall KS, et al. Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in 2 communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria, and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana. JAMA, 2001, 285 (6): 739-747.
19. Chang KH, Chang MY, Muo CH, et al. Increased risk of dementia in patients exposed to nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide: a population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One, 2014, 9 (8): e103078.
20. Pitocco D, Tesauro M, Alessandro R, et al. Oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for vascular and other complications. Int J Mol Sci, 2013, 14 (3): 21525-21550.
21. Cui W. Pathogenesis and clinical drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Electronic Journal of Clinical Medical Literature, 2015, 2 (19): 3903.
22. Chen RL, Wilson K, Chen Y, et al. Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and dementia syndromes. Occup Environ Med, 2013, 70 (1): 63-69.
23. Chen SY, Li XQ. Alzheimer’s disease prevalence study and analysis of influencing factors. Chin J Public Health Eng, 2016, 15 (3): 266-267, 272.
24. Esiri MM, Joachim C, Sloan C, et al. Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease in subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease: a clinicopathologic study in the Oxford Project to investigate memory and ageing (OPTIMA). Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord, 2014, 28 (1): 30-35.
25. Zhang XW, Hou WS, Li M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline in the elderly: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2016, 28 (1): 165-166.
26. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA. Dietary factors and cognitive decline. J Prev Alzheimers Dis, 2016, 3 (1): 53-64.
27. Mohajeri MH, Troesch B, Weber P. Inadequate supply of vitamins and DHA in the elderly: implications for brain aging and Alzheimer-type dementia. Nutrition, 2015, 31 (2): 261-275.
28. Huang JJ, Xu Z, Qu C, Feng M. Correlative study about sleep disorders of elderly patients with dementia. China Med Her, 2018, 15 (2): 108-111.
29. Zou C, Xu T, Yu C, et al. Correlation between Alzheimer’s and sleep disorders and their characteristics. Chin Hosp Stat, 2017, 24 (2): 115-116.
30. Zhu L, Chen X, Wang WE. Characteristics of Sleep Disorders in Alzheimer’s Patients in Shanghai. Chin J Geront, 2017, 37 (3): 735-736.
31. Jernerén F, Elshorbagy AK, Oulhaj A, et al. Brain atrophy in cognitively impaired elderly: the importance of long-chain ?-3 fatty acids and B vitamin status in a randomized controlled trial. The Am J Clin Nutr, 2015, 102 (1): 215-221.
32. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang YM, et al. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement, 2015, 11 (9): 1007-1014.
33. Hardman RJ, Kennedy G, Macpherson H, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and effects on cognition in adults: a qualitative evaluation and systematic review of longitudinal and prospective trials. Front Nutr, 2016, 3: 22.
34. Chen K, Chen F, Jiang PJ. Nutritional status screening in hospitalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Guangxi Med J, 2018, 40 (18): 2181-2183.
35. Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski DF, Lau FC, et al. The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing. Br J Nutr, 2015, 114 (10): 1542-1549.
36. Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Cohort studies. Mol Neurobiol, 2016, 53 (9): 6144-6154.
37. Jia WH, Ma Y, Chen RL, et al. Prevalence and influence factors of dementia: A study on the elderly in some urban and rural communities in China. Acta Univ Med Anhui, 2012, 47 (8): 944-947.
38. Sachdeva A, Chandra M, Choudhary M, et al. Alcohol-related dementia and neurocognitive impairment: a review study. Int J High Risk Behav Addict, 2016, 5 (3): e27976.
39. Hagger-Johnson G, Sabia S, Brunner EJ, et al. Combined impact of smoking and heavy alcohol use on cognitive decline in early old age: Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry, 2013, 203 (2): 120-125.
40. Si Q, Zhu LP, Yan W, et al. Epidemic situation of Alzheimer’s disease and hypomnesia among residents aged 60 years and above in Jiangxi Province. Practical Clin Med, 2018, 19 (1): 83-87.
41. Carvalho A, Rea IM, Parimon T, Cusack BJ. Physical activity and cognitive function in individuals over 60 years of age: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging, 2014, 9: 661-682.
42. Rosano C, Venkatraman VK, Guralnik J, et al. Psychomotor speed and functional brain MRI 2 years after completing a physical activity treatment. J Gerontol Ser A: Biol Sci Med Sci, 2010, 65A (6): 639-647.
43. Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with age-related decline in hippocampal volume. J Neurosci, 2010, 30 (15): 5368-5375.
44. Meng XF, D’Arcy C. Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PLoS One, 2012, 7 (6): e38268.
45. Wang YJ, Bu XL, Xiang Y, et al. Investigation of pathogenetic mechanism, prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease via systemic approaches. Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg, 2018, 18 (1): 25-29.
46. Li X, Pan Y, Shao L, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related factors in retired cadres. Chin J Gerontol, 2014, 34 (12): 3413-3416.
47. Stringhini S, Sabia S, Shipley M, et al. Association of socioeconomic position with health behaviors and mortality. JAMA, 2010, 303 (12): 1159-1166.
48. Van De Vorst IE, Koek HL, Stein CE, et al. Socioeconomic disparities and mortality after a diagnosis of dementia: results from a nationwide registry linkage study. Am J Epidemiol, 2016, 184 (3): 219-226.
49. Shi JZ, Gao M, Zhao JF. Analysis of the influence of exercise on Alzheimer’s disease. Bull Sport Sci Technol, 2018, 26 (7): 159-160.
50. Imtiaz B, Tolppanen AM, Kivipelto M, et al. Future directions in Alzheimer’s disease from risk factors to prevention. Biochem Pharmacol, 2014, 88 (4): 661-670.
How to Cite
Trepson, W. L. . (2020). Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease. Science Insights, 32(2), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.20.re036
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