Emotionally Stimulated Persistent Memory
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Published
Dec 30, 2019
Abstract
Most things in life are forgotten. Emotional stimulation can improve the storage of memory, which helps people to selectively build lasting memories of important experiences. Nervous system-mediated emotional arousal and memory are very closely linked. The adrenaline and corticosterone released during emotional stimulation can regulate the consolidation of long-term memory. The amygdala plays a key role in regulating the effects of these stress hormones on the body. Stress-induced activation of the amygdala and its interaction with other relevant brain regions that process memory are the key to ensuring that emotionally meaningful experiences are remembered.
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Keywords
Memory, Emotional Stimulation, Amygdala, Stress Hormone
References
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29. Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL. Amygdala modulation of hippocampal dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(18):8477–8481.
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31. Guzowski JF, Lyford GL;Stevenson GD, et al. Inhibition of activity-dependent arc protein expression in the rat hippocampus impairs the maintenance of long-term potentiation and the consolidation of long-term memory. J Neurosci 2000; 20(11):3993–4001.
32. Kensinger EA, Addis DR, Atapattu RK. Amygdala activity at encoding corresponds with memory vividness and with memory for select episodic details. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49(4):663–673.
33. Steidl S, Razik F, Anderson AK. Emotion enhanced retention of cognitive skill learning. Emotion 2011; 11(1):12–19.
34. Nielson KA, Powless M. Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30 min after learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88(1):40–47.
35. Nielson KA, Arentsen TJ. Memory modulation in the classroom:selective enhancement of college examination performance by arousal induced after lecture. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98(1):12–16.
36. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, et al. beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 1994; 371(6499):702–704.
37. Cahill L, Alkire MT. Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation:interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003; 79(2):194–198.
38. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K. Enhanced human memory consolidation with postlearning stress:interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn Mem 2003; 10(4):270–274.
39. Hupbach A, Fieman R. Moderate stress enhances immediate and delayed retrieval of educationally relevant material in healthy young men. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126(6):819–825.
40. Maheu FS, Joober R, Beaulieu S, et al. Differential effects of adrenergic and corticosteroid hormonal systems on human short-and long-term declarative memory for emotionally arousing material. Behav Neurosci 2004; 118 (2):420–428.
41. Smeets T, Otgaar H, Candel I, et al. True or false? Memory is differentially affected by stress-induced cortisol elevations and sympathetic activity at consolidation and retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33(10):1378–1386.
42. Segal SK, Cahill L. Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuro-endocrinology 2009; 34(9):1263–1271.
43. Segal SK, Stark SM, Kattan D, et al. Norepinephrine-mediated emotional arousal facilitates subsequent pattern separation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97(4):465–469.
44. Yassa MA, Stark CE. Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34(10):515–525.
45. Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, et al. Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term,free recall of emotional information. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(15):8016–8021.
46. Hamann SB, Ely TD, Hoffman JM, et al. Ecstasy and agony:activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psychol Sci 2002; 13 (2):135–141.
47. Kensinger EA, Corkin S. Two routes to emotional memory:distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(9):3310–3315.
48. Ritchey M, LaBar KS, Cabeza R. Level of processing modulates the neural correlates of emotional memory formation. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23(4):757–771.
49. Schwarze U, Bingel U, Sommer T. Event-related nociceptive arousal enhances memory consolidation for neutral scenes. J Neurosci 2012; 32(4):1481–1487.
50. Stegeren AHV, Wolf OT, Everaerd W, et al. Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 87(1):57–66.
51. Stegeren AHV, Benno R, Merel K, et al. Interacting noradrenergic and corticosteroid systems shift human brain activation patterns during encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93(1):56–65.
2. Roediger HL, Butler AC. The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15 (1):20–27.
3. Sharot T, Martorella EA, Delgado MR, et al. How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104 (1):389–394.
4. Neisser U. Remembering the earthquake:direct experience vs.hearing the news. Memory 1996; 4(4):337–357.
5. Mcgaugh JL, Roozendaal B. Drug enhancement of memory consolidation:historical perspective and neurobiological implications. Psychopharmacology 2009; 202 (1/3):3–14.
6. Roozendaal B. Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic activity mediates corticosterone-induced enhancement of auditory fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2006; 86(3):249–255.
7. Berlau DJ, McGaugh JL. Enhancement of extinction memory consolidation:the role of the noradrenergic and GABAergic systems within the basolateral amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2006; 86 (2):123–132.
8. Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125 (6):797–824.
9. Krugers HJ, Zhou M, Joels M, et al. Regulation of excitatory synapses and fearful memories by stress hormones. Front Behav Neurosci 2011; 5 (5):1082–1082.
10. Parfitt GM, Barbosa AK, Campos RC, et al. Moderate stress enhances memory persistence:Are adrenergic mechanisms involved?. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126(5):729–734.
11. Dornelles A, de Lima MN, Grazziotin M, et al. Adrenergic enhancement of consolidation of object recognition memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88(1):137–142 .
12. Li Y, Chen Y, Shi J, et al. Effects of chronic stress on learning and memory function and synaptic function in mice. Chin Pub Hlth 2012; 28 (12):1602–1604.
13. McIntyre CK, McGaugh JL, Williams CL. Interacting brain systems modulate memory consolidation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36(7):1750–1762.
14. Hassert DL, Miyashita T, Williams CL. The effects of peripheral vagal nerve stimulation at a memory-modulating intensity on norepinephrine output in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Neurosci 2004; 118 (1):79–88.
15. Bass DI, Partain KN, Manns JR. Event-specific enhancement of memory via brief electrical stimulation to the basolateral complex of the amygdala in rats. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126(1):204–208.
16. Kesner RP, Ellis ME. Memory consolidation:brain region and neurotransmitter specificity. Neurosci Lett 1983; 39(3):295–300.
17. Gold PE, van Buskirk R. Posttraining brain norepinephrine concentrations:correlation with retention performance of avoidance training and with peripheral epinephrine modulation of memory processing. Behav Biol 1978; 23(4):509–520 .
18. Liang KC, Juler RG, McGaugh JL. Modulating effects of post-training epinephrine on memory:involvement of the amygdala noradrenergic system. Brain Res 1986; 368(1):125–133.
19. Beldjoud H, Barsegyan A, Roozendaal B, et al. Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala enhances object recognition memory and induces chromatin remodeling in the insular cortex. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:108.
20. Roozendaal B, Okuda S, Van der Zee EA, et al. Glucocorticoid enhancement of memory requires arousal-induced noradrenergic activation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(17):6741–6746.
21. Okuda S, Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. Glucocorticoid effects on object recognition memory require training-associated emotional arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(3):853–858.
22. Quirarte GL, Galvez R, Roozendaal B, et al. Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs. Brain Res 1998; 808(2):134–140.
23. McIntyre CK, Hatfield T, McGaugh JL. Amygdala norepinephrine levels after training predict inhibitory avoidance retention performance in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 16(7):1223–1226 .
24. Hatfield T, Spanis C, McGaugh JL. Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res 1999; 835(2):340–345.
25. Stefanik MT, Khaled M, Kupchik YM, et al. Optogenetic inhibition of cocaine seeking in rats. Addict Biol 2013; 18(1):50–53.
26. Sirichoat A, Chaijaroonkhanarak W, Prachaney P, et al. Effects of asiatic acid on spatial working memory and cell proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus. Nutrients 2015; 7:8413–8423.
27. Hou X, Liu Z, Wen T. Effects of lead exposure on mGluR5 expression and learning and memory in rat hippocampus. Chinese Public Health 2014; 30(4):451–453.
28. Packard MG, Goodman J. Emotional arousal and multiple memory systems in the mammalian brain. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6(5):14–14.
29. Packard MG, Cahill L, McGaugh JL. Amygdala modulation of hippocampal dependent and caudate nucleus-dependent memory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(18):8477–8481.
30. McIntyre CK. Memory-influencing intra-basolateral amygdala drug infusions modulate expression of Arc protein in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102(30):10718–10723.
31. Guzowski JF, Lyford GL;Stevenson GD, et al. Inhibition of activity-dependent arc protein expression in the rat hippocampus impairs the maintenance of long-term potentiation and the consolidation of long-term memory. J Neurosci 2000; 20(11):3993–4001.
32. Kensinger EA, Addis DR, Atapattu RK. Amygdala activity at encoding corresponds with memory vividness and with memory for select episodic details. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49(4):663–673.
33. Steidl S, Razik F, Anderson AK. Emotion enhanced retention of cognitive skill learning. Emotion 2011; 11(1):12–19.
34. Nielson KA, Powless M. Positive and negative sources of emotional arousal enhance long-term word-list retention when induced as long as 30 min after learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88(1):40–47.
35. Nielson KA, Arentsen TJ. Memory modulation in the classroom:selective enhancement of college examination performance by arousal induced after lecture. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98(1):12–16.
36. Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, et al. beta-adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature 1994; 371(6499):702–704.
37. Cahill L, Alkire MT. Epinephrine enhancement of human memory consolidation:interaction with arousal at encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2003; 79(2):194–198.
38. Cahill L, Gorski L, Le K. Enhanced human memory consolidation with postlearning stress:interaction with the degree of arousal at encoding. Learn Mem 2003; 10(4):270–274.
39. Hupbach A, Fieman R. Moderate stress enhances immediate and delayed retrieval of educationally relevant material in healthy young men. Behav Neurosci 2012; 126(6):819–825.
40. Maheu FS, Joober R, Beaulieu S, et al. Differential effects of adrenergic and corticosteroid hormonal systems on human short-and long-term declarative memory for emotionally arousing material. Behav Neurosci 2004; 118 (2):420–428.
41. Smeets T, Otgaar H, Candel I, et al. True or false? Memory is differentially affected by stress-induced cortisol elevations and sympathetic activity at consolidation and retrieval. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33(10):1378–1386.
42. Segal SK, Cahill L. Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuro-endocrinology 2009; 34(9):1263–1271.
43. Segal SK, Stark SM, Kattan D, et al. Norepinephrine-mediated emotional arousal facilitates subsequent pattern separation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 97(4):465–469.
44. Yassa MA, Stark CE. Pattern separation in the hippocampus. Trends Neurosci 2011; 34(10):515–525.
45. Cahill L, Haier RJ, Fallon J, et al. Amygdala activity at encoding correlated with long-term,free recall of emotional information. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(15):8016–8021.
46. Hamann SB, Ely TD, Hoffman JM, et al. Ecstasy and agony:activation of the human amygdala in positive and negative emotion. Psychol Sci 2002; 13 (2):135–141.
47. Kensinger EA, Corkin S. Two routes to emotional memory:distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(9):3310–3315.
48. Ritchey M, LaBar KS, Cabeza R. Level of processing modulates the neural correlates of emotional memory formation. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23(4):757–771.
49. Schwarze U, Bingel U, Sommer T. Event-related nociceptive arousal enhances memory consolidation for neutral scenes. J Neurosci 2012; 32(4):1481–1487.
50. Stegeren AHV, Wolf OT, Everaerd W, et al. Endogenous cortisol level interacts with noradrenergic activation in the human amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 87(1):57–66.
51. Stegeren AHV, Benno R, Merel K, et al. Interacting noradrenergic and corticosteroid systems shift human brain activation patterns during encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93(1):56–65.
How to Cite
Parker, S. (2019). Emotionally Stimulated Persistent Memory. Science Insights, 31(2), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.19.re121
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