Challenges and Recommendations in Building the Teaching Force for Rural Compulsory Education in China
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Published
Oct 31, 2023
Abstract
High-quality teaching staff is one of the key factors in the advancement of Chinese compulsory education. The purpose of this article is to pinpoint issues with teacher recruitment, retention, and training in rural areas, such as unbalanced employment mobility, unreasonable composition of staff, and impeded teacher professional development. Recommendations on improving rural school staffing are also made in the dimensions of government policies, in-service training, and social support.
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Keywords
Rural Compulsory Education, Rural School Staffing, Rural Teachers, China
References
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13. Xiao Q. Teacher-demands-focused in-service training for rural teachers. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 2020; 2020(8):93-96. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmI2iJ2x50PrOGV87sHwn6b0dqzCwp8Kd5M6O5DGskNg7Dfc9JR4oKYmEatoltPGyI6TqmjDjJPvPdKRIf0R9wcM9dBWV9W9IQYbwx467QIP1MJwKKSx_JjzIn8kVgas8NM=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
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18. Li J, Wang M. Compensation-oriented mobility of anchor teachers with primary and secondary schools. Perspectives on Education 2002; 2002(4):16-18. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmLVwexEgMLyTgItKICElxY_2DqoXPUVSOE26wMDxt2RCSPdDoIoUnoJ-emMxIar7e1WH006c23_WcKm8S9n8ugHK62zGPeN7tBQiugovJyqNmNhGLb1Xt6BKLyOuZZT0Ts=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
19. State Council of China. Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Teacher Education and Training in the New Era. 2018. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/31/content_5262659.htm
20. Ministry of Education of China. Opinions on Augmenting Rural Teacher Supply in the New Era Issued by the Ministry of Education and Other Five Departments. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202009/t20200904_485110.html
21. Ma D. Strategies for teaching staff distribution in rural areas in the proximity of cities in the new era. Ningxia University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27257/d.cnki.gnxhc.2022.001325
22. Ministry of Education of China. Teacher Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2009. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/tnull_1314.html
23. Zhuang Y, Chu Y. The construction of the support system for the professional development of rural teachers. Education Science 2020; 36(1):51-57. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmLDJKp_D8_E8H4F6IRJg0FM7EpGKbST2MRSNh4Vq5wYBWGZx2qWCCVEGIXt1tz3DlLwe3s3Aya6eV5QBIwUsIkYTM6XY2YPp4RcNqh1DGGRlsg9Z-kRtcgFqg_DHHVrpvo=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
24. Chen S. Training Needs of Rural Primary and Secondary Teachers in the Context of the “National Teacher Training Program” (master’s thesis). Hunan University. 2020. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmIWF3UHgT_Zd3JpQY0tDwn3tHntMqgIMhKkibIVbLWz2ALi3B8NPHZ1qf1oIk6W_GigEl1Q3Fg7K4Jh_MXhKVdvq6AXxo0cGNU8E-N6gr62blKYPlOzR5N1PML8WXLhcyY=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
25. Mei L. Issues with the Reform of the Professional Title Evaluation System for Primary and Secondary Teachers and Suggestions (master’s thesis). Northwestern University. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27405/dcnki.gxbdu.2020.001535
26. Zhong C. A Case Study on the Changes in Rural Schools’ Role in Social Edification Since the Reform and Opening up (master’s thesis). Shandong Normal University. 2012. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XM2GqyNyyMAO3l2KGKcgqgbBLHcbiiAkaqdGABe0MfqE4rVrjwhavZGe0jAtq8SSK8bzUHshLDfZ4IZGrKx9mUea4-Pu4VqEv-xFOqeanWXBChCN6W80nLP&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
27. Huang F. Problems with In-service Training of Rural Teachers and Suggested Solutions (master’s thesis). Henan Normal University. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27118/dcnki.ghesu.2020.000033
28. Li R. Teachers as individuals. Research in Educational Development 2014;33(08): 66-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2014.08.007
29. Huang X. From Ill-informed Decision to Active Engagement: A Study on the Self Identification of Rural Teachers in the Context of the Social Transformation. Xinjiang Normal University (master’s thesis). 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27432/d.cnki.gxsfu.2022.000025
30. State Council of China. Opinions of the State Council of China on Comprehensively Advancing Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization. 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-02/21/content_5588098.htm
31. Ministry of Education of China. Response of the Ministry of Education to Recommendation No. 4529 of the Fourth Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress. 2016. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/xxgk_jyta/jyta_jiaoshisi/201609/t20160901_277346.html
32. Huang C, Xie X. Report on the status quo of rural primary and secondary teacher staffing and training: Using Hunan Province as an example. Theory and Practice of Contemporary Education 2012; 4(1):17-26. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XOoqvVSfclnJ8TVF2rRyaOTsT4DbqD6S0OqxhLciDTYzhZRzXgTioDownNtr0BlxBGiUn1_MlgHNATI7Y_VhiuGEZ4_moBaNAH2MzK06EzUyV922J_571kN&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
33. Wei F. Standardization of the Construction of Rural Small-scale Schools (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/dcnki.ggxsu.2021-000225
34. Cai Q, Zheng H, Li X. Strategies for teaching staff distribution in rural areas in the new era. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 2018; 2018(12):67-92. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XMwMglRV1bGBmknGjlQYXoWsiRU3FjTtMn9G_Y6JaFJzRNatRChZiobfrn2L8ss75Tiy7pppxtCRfJt4oUiDFak-LaTu2UUWx0AfL9Tmwfcj_FqtnDXAUA7Qdd5SrnBLg=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
2. State Council of China. The implementation of Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Teacher Education and Training in the New Era across China over the past year and the planning of the next round of teacher supply reform. 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2019-02/15/content_5366166.htm#1
3. Ministry of Education of China. Opinions on Promoting the Rotation of Compulsory Education School Principals and Teachers within the County (District) Issued by the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. 2014. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7151/201408/t20140815_174493.html
4. Ministry of Education of China. Notice of the General Offices of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance on the Implementation of the Special Position Program for Rural Compulsory Education Teachers in 2023. 2023. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7151/202304/t20230425_1057158.html
5. State Council of China. Rural Teacher Support Program 2015-2020. 2015. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2015-06/08/content_9833.htm
6. Ministry of Education of China. Notice of the General Offices of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance on the Implementation of the “Talent Support Program for Impoverished, Remote Border, and Ethnic Minority Areas” in 2023. 2023. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7151/202307/t20230727_1071101.html
7. State Council of China. State Council’s Decision on Further Strengthening Rural Education Work. Bulletins of the State Council of China 2003; 2003(31):5-10. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2006-06/30/content_260218
8. Chen C. The Mobility of Young Rural Teachers (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/d.cnki.ggxsu.2023.002098
9. Deng Y. The Mobility of Primary School Teachers in K District of Chongqing City (master’s thesis). Chongqing Normal University. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27672/d.cnki.gcsfc.2019.000027
10. Hao J. Teacher Supply in Rural China (master’s thesis). Jilin University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2023.006437
11. Qin L. Issues with Rural Teacher Supply and Countermeasures (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/dcnki. ggxsu.2022.001942
12. Zhu X, Liu S. Issues with work burden of Chinese rural teachers, their adverse effects, and copying strategies: Based on a survey of 35 counties in 18 provinces in China. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 2020; 2020(1):88-94.
13. Xiao Q. Teacher-demands-focused in-service training for rural teachers. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 2020; 2020(8):93-96. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmI2iJ2x50PrOGV87sHwn6b0dqzCwp8Kd5M6O5DGskNg7Dfc9JR4oKYmEatoltPGyI6TqmjDjJPvPdKRIf0R9wcM9dBWV9W9IQYbwx467QIP1MJwKKSx_JjzIn8kVgas8NM=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
14. Liu G. The dilemma in rural teacher professional development and solutions. Contemporary Educational Science 2022;2022(12):54-60. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmLYv3eXDJ7mQ-bIsubMi95qGq06nPJfltlj4chvAV1HMEyeUWlwsgSZnaTiZyLpcciDNkQGcbNbRgz1RokMOh7kguWpKIgE9TuSNbhAMKbUmFipQ0xDwqUwgbnO5wawDBM=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
15. Wang L. Challenges in rural teacher professional development and school-based support (master’s thesis). Chongqing Three Gorges University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27883/dcnki.gcqsx.2023.000428
16. Li Y. The status quo of economic development in rural China and improvement measures. Agricultural Technology & Equipment 2022; 2022(12):89-91. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmJYzCdnCs4azHnmQD0o4ImoH2NK3jNfh9Diti8dANcuUQA9S284AIU2FczV_-WhrY0mBR42KtDjTEaiUWxHbwuPAHZ3-K5T_MbsoJalRUWefvWyBXHUD-uZsRZp2_GcB6U=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
17. Jia L. The optimization of teaching staff distribution at the compulsory education level in rural Liaoning Province (master’s thesis). Dongbei University of Finance and Economics. 2016. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmK0ovYZj6ZqHDSR2kpx_KpnyUJCQqlROxzinBcnwqN_Aov31v0KKn1G1ewzIYrJIn7gpDH0Q80car2UTEKrWHeh0Yd9nba-qbrXz0yIOgJSl9Al1IwvbuYluAaWlvqPVQ=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
18. Li J, Wang M. Compensation-oriented mobility of anchor teachers with primary and secondary schools. Perspectives on Education 2002; 2002(4):16-18. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmLVwexEgMLyTgItKICElxY_2DqoXPUVSOE26wMDxt2RCSPdDoIoUnoJ-emMxIar7e1WH006c23_WcKm8S9n8ugHK62zGPeN7tBQiugovJyqNmNhGLb1Xt6BKLyOuZZT0Ts=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
19. State Council of China. Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Teacher Education and Training in the New Era. 2018. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/31/content_5262659.htm
20. Ministry of Education of China. Opinions on Augmenting Rural Teacher Supply in the New Era Issued by the Ministry of Education and Other Five Departments. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202009/t20200904_485110.html
21. Ma D. Strategies for teaching staff distribution in rural areas in the proximity of cities in the new era. Ningxia University. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27257/d.cnki.gnxhc.2022.001325
22. Ministry of Education of China. Teacher Law of the People’s Republic of China. 2009. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/sjzl_zcfg/zcfg_jyfl/tnull_1314.html
23. Zhuang Y, Chu Y. The construction of the support system for the professional development of rural teachers. Education Science 2020; 36(1):51-57. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmLDJKp_D8_E8H4F6IRJg0FM7EpGKbST2MRSNh4Vq5wYBWGZx2qWCCVEGIXt1tz3DlLwe3s3Aya6eV5QBIwUsIkYTM6XY2YPp4RcNqh1DGGRlsg9Z-kRtcgFqg_DHHVrpvo=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
24. Chen S. Training Needs of Rural Primary and Secondary Teachers in the Context of the “National Teacher Training Program” (master’s thesis). Hunan University. 2020. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WGc0za3-FmIWF3UHgT_Zd3JpQY0tDwn3tHntMqgIMhKkibIVbLWz2ALi3B8NPHZ1qf1oIk6W_GigEl1Q3Fg7K4Jh_MXhKVdvq6AXxo0cGNU8E-N6gr62blKYPlOzR5N1PML8WXLhcyY=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
25. Mei L. Issues with the Reform of the Professional Title Evaluation System for Primary and Secondary Teachers and Suggestions (master’s thesis). Northwestern University. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27405/dcnki.gxbdu.2020.001535
26. Zhong C. A Case Study on the Changes in Rural Schools’ Role in Social Edification Since the Reform and Opening up (master’s thesis). Shandong Normal University. 2012. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XM2GqyNyyMAO3l2KGKcgqgbBLHcbiiAkaqdGABe0MfqE4rVrjwhavZGe0jAtq8SSK8bzUHshLDfZ4IZGrKx9mUea4-Pu4VqEv-xFOqeanWXBChCN6W80nLP&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
27. Huang F. Problems with In-service Training of Rural Teachers and Suggested Solutions (master’s thesis). Henan Normal University. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27118/dcnki.ghesu.2020.000033
28. Li R. Teachers as individuals. Research in Educational Development 2014;33(08): 66-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2014.08.007
29. Huang X. From Ill-informed Decision to Active Engagement: A Study on the Self Identification of Rural Teachers in the Context of the Social Transformation. Xinjiang Normal University (master’s thesis). 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27432/d.cnki.gxsfu.2022.000025
30. State Council of China. Opinions of the State Council of China on Comprehensively Advancing Rural Revitalization and Accelerating Agricultural and Rural Modernization. 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-02/21/content_5588098.htm
31. Ministry of Education of China. Response of the Ministry of Education to Recommendation No. 4529 of the Fourth Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress. 2016. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/xxgk_jyta/jyta_jiaoshisi/201609/t20160901_277346.html
32. Huang C, Xie X. Report on the status quo of rural primary and secondary teacher staffing and training: Using Hunan Province as an example. Theory and Practice of Contemporary Education 2012; 4(1):17-26. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XOoqvVSfclnJ8TVF2rRyaOTsT4DbqD6S0OqxhLciDTYzhZRzXgTioDownNtr0BlxBGiUn1_MlgHNATI7Y_VhiuGEZ4_moBaNAH2MzK06EzUyV922J_571kN&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
33. Wei F. Standardization of the Construction of Rural Small-scale Schools (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/dcnki.ggxsu.2021-000225
34. Cai Q, Zheng H, Li X. Strategies for teaching staff distribution in rural areas in the new era. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education 2018; 2018(12):67-92. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=DwbYnX8C4XMwMglRV1bGBmknGjlQYXoWsiRU3FjTtMn9G_Y6JaFJzRNatRChZiobfrn2L8ss75Tiy7pppxtCRfJt4oUiDFak-LaTu2UUWx0AfL9Tmwfcj_FqtnDXAUA7Qdd5SrnBLg=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
How to Cite
Li, R. (2023). Challenges and Recommendations in Building the Teaching Force for Rural Compulsory Education in China. Science Insights, 43(4), 1105–1110. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re819
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