Medical Discrimination: A Hidden and Non-Neglectable Issue
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Published
Apr 30, 2024
Abstract
Medical discrimination is a pervasive issue that often goes unnoticed or unaddressed in the healthcare system. It occurs when individuals receive differential treatment based on characteristics such as race, gender, sexual orientation, age, or socioeconomic status. This type of discrimination can have serious consequences for patients, including delayed or inadequate care, misdiagnosis, and even harm to their physical and mental health. The impacts of medical discrimination are far-reaching and systemic, perpetuating disparities in health outcomes among marginalized populations. To address this issue effectively, it is crucial for healthcare providers to undergo training on cultural competency and unconscious bias recognition. Additionally, policies must be implemented at both the institutional and governmental levels to ensure equitable access to care for all patients. Ignoring medical discrimination only perpetuates inequalities in the healthcare system and exacerbates disparities in health outcomes.
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Keywords
Medical Care, Discrimination, Equality, Bias, Causal Relationship
References
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5. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: A historical survey. J Natl Med Assoc 2001; 93(3 Suppl):11S-34S.
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12. Williams DR, Rucker TD. Understanding and addressing racial disparities in health care. Health Care Financ Rev 2000; 21(4):75-90.
13. Sohn H. Racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage: Dynamics of gaining and losing coverage over the life-course. Popul Res Policy Rev 2017; 36(2):181-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9416-y
14. Caraballo C, Massey D, Mahajan S, Lu Y, Annapureddy AR, Roy B, Riley C, Murugiah K, Valero-Elizondo J, Onuma O, Nunez-Smith M, Forman HP, Nasir K, Herrin J, Krumholz HM. Racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care among adults in the United States: A 20-year national health interview survey analysis, 1999-2018. JAMA 2021; 326(7):637-648. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.30.20223420
15. McWilliams JM. Health consequences of uninsurance among adults in the United States: Recent evidence and implications. Milbank Q 2009; 87(2):443-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00564.x
16. McQuaid EL, Landier W. Cultural issues in medication adherence: Disparities and directions. J Gen Intern Med 2018; 33(2):200-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4199-3
17. Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, Merino YM, Thomas TW, Payne BK, Eng E, Day SH, Coyne-Beasley T. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: A systematic review. Am J Public Health 2015; 105(12):e60-e76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302903
18. Andermann A; CLEAR Collaboration. Taking action on the social determinants of health in clinical practice: A framework for health professionals. CMAJ 2016; 188(17-18):E474-E483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.160177
19. Al Shamsi H, Almutairi AG, Al Mashrafi S, Al Kalbani T. Implications of language barriers for healthcare: A systematic review. Oman Med J 2020; 35(2):e122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2020.40
20. Gopal DP, Chetty U, O’Donnell P, Gajria C, Blackadder-Weinstein J. Implicit bias in healthcare: Clinical practice, research and decision making. Future Healthc J 2021; 8(1):40-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2020-0233
21. Burgess D, van Ryn M, Dovidio J, Saha S. Reducing racial bias among health care providers: Lessons from social-cognitive psychology. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22(6):882-887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1
22. Job C, Adenipekun B, Cleves A, Samuriwo R. Health professional’s implicit bias of adult patients with low socioeconomic status (SES) and its effects on clinical decision-making: A scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12(12):e059837. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059837
23. Brown LD. Comparing health systems in four countries: Lessons for the United States. Am J Public Health 2003; 93(1):52-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.1.52
24. D’Anna LH, Hansen M, Mull B, Canjura C, Lee E, Sumstine S. Social discrimination and health care: A multidimensional framework of experiences among a low-income multiethnic sample. Soc Work Public Health. 2018;33(3):187-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2018.1434584
25. Rawlings A, Brandt L, Ferreres A, Asbun H, Shadduck P. Ethical considerations for allocation of scarce resources and alterations in surgical care during a pandemic. Surg Endosc 2021; 35(5):2217-2222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-020-07629-x
26. Genuis SJ, Lipp C. Ethical diversity and the role of conscience in clinical medicine. Int J Family Med 2013; 2013:587541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/587541
27. Rouse ST. Professional autonomy in medicine: Defending the right of conscience in health care beyond the right to religious freedom. Linacre Q 2012; 79(2):155-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/002436312803571393
28. Hamel LM, Penner LA, Albrecht TL, Heath E, Gwede CK, Eggly S. Barriers to clinical trial enrollment in racial and ethnic minority patients with cancer. Cancer Control 2016; 23(4):327-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107327481602300404
29. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. BMC Med Ethics 2017; 18(1):19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8
30. Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, Beach MC, Sabin JA, Greenwald AG, Inui TS. The associations of clinicians’ implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. Am J Public Health 2012; 102(5):979-987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300558
31. Bernheim SM, Ross JS, Krumholz HM, Bradley EH. Influence of patients’ socioeconomic status on clinical management decisions: A qualitative study. Ann Fam Med 2008; 6(1):53-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.749
32. Nair L, Adetayo OA. Cultural competence and ethnic diversity in healthcare. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019; 7(5):e2219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002219
33. Basu J, Hanchate A, Bierman A. Racial/ethnic disparities in readmissions in US hospitals: the role of insurance coverage. Inquiry 2018; 55:46958018774180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958018774180
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How to Cite
Mason, L. (2024). Medical Discrimination: A Hidden and Non-Neglectable Issue. Science Insights, 44(4), 1327–1339. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.re963
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