Could We Designate Long COVID a Syndrome?
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Published
Jun 29, 2024
Abstract
Long COVID has been subject to growing examination as researchers and healthcare professionals strive to gain a deeper comprehension of its fundamental mechanisms and consequences. While syndromes often consist of a group of symptoms without a distinct underlying cause, Long COVID seems to be more intricate. Studies indicate that it could affect several organ systems and cause cellular-level harm, prompting specialists to propose that it be categorized as a syndrome rather than simple lingering consequences of the virus. However, further study needs to be conducted for determining whether there are distinctive characteristics that differentiate Long COVID as a distinct clinical entity from other post-viral conditions. Accurate identification of Long COVID will be essential in guiding treatment approaches and delivering appropriate therapy for patients who suffer from persistent symptoms after being infected with COVID-19.
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Keywords
Long COVID, Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, Diagnostic Criteria
References
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10. Kim NS, Keil FC. From symptoms to causes: Diversity effects in diagnostic reasoning. Mem Cognit 2003; 31(1):155-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196090
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12. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: Road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1187163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163
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14. de Azevedo Vieira JE, Mafort TT, Monnerat LB, da Cal MS, Ghetti ATA, Lopes AJ. Assessment of short- and long-term functionality and quality of life in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36(3):541-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-220308
15. Ida FS, Ferreira HP, Vasconcelos AKM, Furtado IAB, Fontenele CJPM, Pereira AC. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: persistent symptoms, functional impact, quality of life, return to work, and indirect costs - A prospective case study 12 months after COVID-19 infection. Cad Saude Publica 2024; 40(2):e00022623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT026623
16. De Luca R, Bonanno M, Calabrò RS. Psychological and cognitive effects of Long COVID: A narrative review focusing on the assessment and rehabilitative approach. J Clin Med 2022; 11(21):6554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216554
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18. Phillips S, Williams MA. Re-framing Long COVID as central nervous system dysfunction. Sci Insights 2024; 44(6):1397-1402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.vp055
2. Wang F, Kream RM, Stefano GB. Long-term respiratory and neurological sequelae of COVID-19. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e928996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.928996
3. Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. Long Covid. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2024; 202:113-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.11.002
4. Makhluf H, Madany H, Kim K. Long COVID: Long-term impact of SARS-CoV2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14(7):711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070711
5. Calvo F, Karras BT, Phillips R, Kimball AM, Wolf F. Diagnoses, syndromes, and diseases: A knowledge representation problem. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003; 2003:802.
6. Hossain MM, Das J, Rahman F, Nesa F, Hossain P, Islam AMK, Tasnim S, Faizah F, Mazumder H, Purohit N, Ramirez G. Living with “long COVID”: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence. PLoS One 2023; 18(2):e0281884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281884
7. Sapna F, Deepa F, Sakshi F, Sonam F, Kiran F, Perkash RS, Bendari A, Kumar A, Rizvi Y, Suraksha F, Varrassi G. Unveiling the mysteries of Long COVID syndrome: Exploring the distinct tissue and organ pathologies linked to prolonged COVID-19 symptoms. Cureus 2023; 15(9):e44588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44588
8. Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ. The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry 2013; 12(2):92-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20050
9. Wu Q, Ailshire JA, Crimmins EM. Long COVID and symptom trajectory in a representative sample of Americans in the first year of the pandemic. Sci Rep 2022; 12(1):11647. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15727-0
10. Kim NS, Keil FC. From symptoms to causes: Diversity effects in diagnostic reasoning. Mem Cognit 2003; 31(1):155-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03196090
11. Rabaey P, Decat P, Heytens S, Vogelaers D, Mariman A, Demeester T. Time-dependent complexity characterisation of activity patterns in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Biopsychosoc Med 2024; 18(1):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13030-024-00305-9
12. Komaroff AL, Lipkin WI. ME/CFS and Long COVID share similar symptoms and biological abnormalities: Road map to the literature. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1187163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1187163
13. Vélez-Santamaría R, Fernández-Solana J, Méndez-López F, Domínguez-García M, González-Bernal JJ, Magallón-Botaya R, Oliván-Blázquez B, González-Santos J, Santamaría-Peláez M. Functionality, physical activity, fatigue and quality of life in patients with acute COVID-19 and Long COVID infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13(1):19907. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47218-1
14. de Azevedo Vieira JE, Mafort TT, Monnerat LB, da Cal MS, Ghetti ATA, Lopes AJ. Assessment of short- and long-term functionality and quality of life in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2023; 36(3):541-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-220308
15. Ida FS, Ferreira HP, Vasconcelos AKM, Furtado IAB, Fontenele CJPM, Pereira AC. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: persistent symptoms, functional impact, quality of life, return to work, and indirect costs - A prospective case study 12 months after COVID-19 infection. Cad Saude Publica 2024; 40(2):e00022623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XPT026623
16. De Luca R, Bonanno M, Calabrò RS. Psychological and cognitive effects of Long COVID: A narrative review focusing on the assessment and rehabilitative approach. J Clin Med 2022; 11(21):6554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216554
17. Reiss AB, Greene C, Dayaramani C, Rauchman SH, Stecker MM, De Leon J, Pinkhasov A. Long COVID, the brain, nerves, and cognitive function. Neurol Int 2023; 15(3):821-841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15030052
18. Phillips S, Williams MA. Re-framing Long COVID as central nervous system dysfunction. Sci Insights 2024; 44(6):1397-1402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.vp055
How to Cite
Wang, F. (2024). Could We Designate Long COVID a Syndrome?. Science Insights, 44(6), 1389–1391. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.ed071
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Editorial
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