The Impact of Long-COVID on Mental Health: A Systematic Review
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Published
Sep 29, 2024
Abstract
Long-COVID, a chronic disease, poses threats not just to the patient’s physical health but also their mental well-being. This study seeks to examine the impact of long-COVID on mental health in COVID-19 survivors through a literature review of 38 studies from 19 countries. The analysis results reveal that depression and anxiety disorders are the most pronounced mental health issues in this population, and that personal factors like gender, age, and economic status and environmental factors can all influence long-COVID’s effects on their mental well-being. The study highlights the concerning prevalence and severity of mental health issues associated with long-COVID and the importance of increasing psychological support services for individuals with the post-COVID-19 syndrome and bolstering public knowledge about the condition.
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Keywords
Long-COVID, Post-COVID-19 Syndrome, Mental Health, Literature Review
Supporting Agencies
No funding source declared.
References
(The Studies included in the literature review are marked with asterisks)
*Abulsaad, A. M., Sonbol, H. M., Elwasify, M. A., & Elboraie, O. A. (2023). Anxiety and depression among COVID-19 survivors: A cross-sectional study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 30, 78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00351-z
*Bodini, L., Bonetto, C., Colombi, M., Barbieri, N., Van Bortel, T., & Lasalvia, A. (2024). Is self-compassion associated with lower psychological distress in people with long COVID? Results from a cross-sectional survey. Cogent Psychology, 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2024.2351151
*Bota, A. V., Bratosin, F., Bogdan, I., Septimiu-Radu, S., Ilie, A. C., Burtic, S… & Marincu, I. (2024). Assessing the quality of life, coping strategies, anxiety and depression levels in patients with Long-COVID-19 syndrome: A six-month follow-up study. Diseases, 12(1), 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12010021
*Cai, J., Lin, K., Zhang, H., Xue, Q., Zhu, K., Yuan, G…& Zhang, W. (2023). A one-year follow-up study of systematic impact of long COVID symptoms among patients post SARS-Cov-2 omicron variants infection in Shanghai, China. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2220578
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Post-COVID conditions: information for healthcare providers. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html
Chasco, E. E., Dukes, K., Jones, D., Comellas, A. P., Hoffman, R. M., & Garg, A. (2022). Brain fog and fatigue following COVID-19 infection: an exploratory study of patient experiences of long COVID. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(23), 15499. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315499
*Demko, Z. O., Yu, T., Mullapudi, S. K., Varela Heslin, M. G., Dorsey, C. A., Payton, C. B., Tornheim, J. A…& Antar, A. A. (2024). Two-year longitudinal study reveals that long COVID symptoms peak and quality of life nadirs at 6–12 months Postinfection. Open
Forum Infectious Diseases, 11(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae027
*Espinar-Herranz, K., Delgado-Lima, A. H., Villatoro, B. S., Garaboa, E. M., Gómez, V. S., Vides, L. G… & Delgado-Losada, M. L. (2023). Memory, emotion, and quality of life in patients with long COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 13(12), 1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121670
*Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I., Kosiara, K., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O…& Kaitelidou, D. (2023). Post-COVID-19 syndrome and related Dysautonomia: Reduced quality of life, increased anxiety and manifestation of depressive symptoms: Evidence from Greece. Acta medica Lituanica, 30(2), 141-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/Amed.2023.30.2.6
Garg, M., Maralakunte, M., Garg, S., Dhooria, S., Sehgal, I., Bhalla, A. S., … Sandhu, M. S. (2021). The Conundrum of ‘Long-COVID-19ʹ: A Narrative Review. International Journal of General Medicine, 14, 2491-2506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S316708
*Giurgi-Oncu, C., Tudoran, C., Pop, G. N., Bredicean, C., Pescariu, S. A., Giurgiuca, A., & Tudoran, M. (2021). Cardiovascular abnormalities and mental health difficulties result in a reduced quality of life in the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111456
*Hameed, M., Abbasi, M. A., Noor, F., Fatima, A., Ibrahim, M., Bano, S…& Iqbal, S. (2024). Exploring neurocognitive and emotional outcomes of long COVID: A study among Pakistani patients. Cureus, 16(8), e67815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67815
*Houben-Wilke, S., Goërtz, Y. M., Delbressine, J. M., Vaes, A. W., Meys, R., Machado, F. V… & Janssen, D. J. (2022). The impact of long COVID-19 on mental health: Observational 6-Month follow-up study. JMIR Mental Health, 9(2), e33704. Available at: https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8705
*Hurtado, C., Rojas-Gualdrón, D. F., Pérez Giraldo, G. S., Villegas Arbelaez, E., Mantilla, S. E., Campuzano-Sierra, M… & Koralnik, I. J. (2024). Neurologic manifestations of long COVID in Colombia: A comparative analysis of post-hospitalization vs. non-hospitalized patients. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18, 1450110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1450110
*Jangnin, R., Ritruangroj, W., Kittisupkajorn, S., Sukeiam, P., Inchai, J., Maneeton, B… & Theerakittikul, T. (2024). Long-COVID prevalence and its association with health outcomes in the post-vaccine and antiviral-availability era. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(5), 1208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051208
*Kaplan, M., Çelik, M., & Özer, M. Y. (2023). Effects of long COVID-19 among young adults in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Acute Disease, 12(4), 151-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.385682
Kim, Y., Bae, S., Chang, H. H., & Kim, S. W. (2024). Characteristics of long COVID and the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long COVID 2 years following COVID-19 infection: prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50024-4
*Kim, C., Moon, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, S., Chang, Y., Cho, W. H., Kim, W., Kwon, S. J., Kim, H. C., Yoo, K. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2024). Prevalences and interrelationships of post COVID-19 fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depression in healthy young and middle-aged adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(10), 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102801
*Kirchberger, I., Meisinger, C., Warm, T. D., Hyhlik-Dürr, A., Linseisen, J., & Goßlau, Y. (2023). Longitudinal course and predictors of health-related quality of life, mental health, and fatigue, in non-hospitalized individuals with or without post COVID-19 syndrome. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 22, 32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-024-02245-y
*Li, Y., Lam, L. T., Xiao, Y., Qiu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). The association between Long-COVID symptomology, perceived symptom burden and mental health in COVID-19 patients in Shijiazhuang, China: A population-based health survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1332066
*Lüscher, J., Scholz, U., & Bierbauer, W. (2023). Social support, distress and well-being in individuals experiencing Long-COVID: A cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open, 13(3), e067166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067166
*McAlearney, A. S., Eiterman, L. P., Mayers, E., Eramo, J. L., & MacEwan, S. R. (2024). A journey through grief: Experiences of loss among patients with long COVID. Journal of Patient Experience, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735241272267
*Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Kolisiati, A., Vraka, I., Kosiara, K., Siskou, O… & Galanis, P. (2024). Resilience and social support improve mental health and quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 230-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010015
*Morrow, A. K., Ng, R., Vargas, G., Jashar, D. T., Henning, E., Stinson, N., & Malone, L. A. (2021). Post-acute/Long COVID in pediatrics. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 100(12), 1140-1147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001896
*Naik, H., Tran, K. C., Staples, J. A., Perlis, R. H., & Levin, A. (2024). Psychiatric symptoms, treatment uptake, and barriers to mental health care among US adults with post–covid-19 condition. JAMA Network Open, 7(4), e248481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8481
Nalbandian, A., Desai, A. D., & Wan, E. Y. (2023). Post-COVID-19 condition. Annual Review of Medicine, 74(1), 55-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-043021-030635
*Nowakowski, S., Kokonda, M., Sultana, R., Duong, B. B., Nagy, S. E., Zaidan, M. F., Baig, M. M., Grigg, B. V., Seashore, J., & Deer, R. R. (2022). Association between sleep quality and mental health among patients at a post-COVID-19 recovery clinic. Brain Sciences, 12(5), 586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050586
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*Omar, A. K., Dahesh, S. M., Ellakwa, D. E., Gomaa, M. K., Abdulsamad, B., Hanafy, R… & Alamrawy, R. G. (2022). Cognitive impairment in health care workers recovering from COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional comparative study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 29, 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-022-00245-6
*Pistarini, C., Fiabane, E., Houdayer, E., Vassallo, C., Manera, M. R., & Alemanno, F. (2021). Cognitive and emotional disturbances due to COVID-19: An exploratory study in the rehabilitation setting. Frontiers in Neurology, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.643646
*Román-Montes, C. M., Flores-Soto, Y., Guaracha-Basañez, G. A., Tamez-Torres, K. M., Sifuentes-Osornio, J., González-Lara, M. F., & León, A. P. (2023). Post-COVID-19 syndrome and quality of life impairment in severe COVID-19 Mexican patients. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1155951
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*Abulsaad, A. M., Sonbol, H. M., Elwasify, M. A., & Elboraie, O. A. (2023). Anxiety and depression among COVID-19 survivors: A cross-sectional study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 30, 78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-023-00351-z
*Bodini, L., Bonetto, C., Colombi, M., Barbieri, N., Van Bortel, T., & Lasalvia, A. (2024). Is self-compassion associated with lower psychological distress in people with long COVID? Results from a cross-sectional survey. Cogent Psychology, 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2024.2351151
*Bota, A. V., Bratosin, F., Bogdan, I., Septimiu-Radu, S., Ilie, A. C., Burtic, S… & Marincu, I. (2024). Assessing the quality of life, coping strategies, anxiety and depression levels in patients with Long-COVID-19 syndrome: A six-month follow-up study. Diseases, 12(1), 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12010021
*Cai, J., Lin, K., Zhang, H., Xue, Q., Zhu, K., Yuan, G…& Zhang, W. (2023). A one-year follow-up study of systematic impact of long COVID symptoms among patients post SARS-Cov-2 omicron variants infection in Shanghai, China. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 12(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2220578
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Post-COVID conditions: information for healthcare providers. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/post-covid-conditions.html
Chasco, E. E., Dukes, K., Jones, D., Comellas, A. P., Hoffman, R. M., & Garg, A. (2022). Brain fog and fatigue following COVID-19 infection: an exploratory study of patient experiences of long COVID. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(23), 15499. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315499
*Demko, Z. O., Yu, T., Mullapudi, S. K., Varela Heslin, M. G., Dorsey, C. A., Payton, C. B., Tornheim, J. A…& Antar, A. A. (2024). Two-year longitudinal study reveals that long COVID symptoms peak and quality of life nadirs at 6–12 months Postinfection. Open
Forum Infectious Diseases, 11(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae027
*Espinar-Herranz, K., Delgado-Lima, A. H., Villatoro, B. S., Garaboa, E. M., Gómez, V. S., Vides, L. G… & Delgado-Losada, M. L. (2023). Memory, emotion, and quality of life in patients with long COVID-19. Brain Sciences, 13(12), 1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13121670
*Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I., Kosiara, K., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O…& Kaitelidou, D. (2023). Post-COVID-19 syndrome and related Dysautonomia: Reduced quality of life, increased anxiety and manifestation of depressive symptoms: Evidence from Greece. Acta medica Lituanica, 30(2), 141-153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/Amed.2023.30.2.6
Garg, M., Maralakunte, M., Garg, S., Dhooria, S., Sehgal, I., Bhalla, A. S., … Sandhu, M. S. (2021). The Conundrum of ‘Long-COVID-19ʹ: A Narrative Review. International Journal of General Medicine, 14, 2491-2506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S316708
*Giurgi-Oncu, C., Tudoran, C., Pop, G. N., Bredicean, C., Pescariu, S. A., Giurgiuca, A., & Tudoran, M. (2021). Cardiovascular abnormalities and mental health difficulties result in a reduced quality of life in the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Brain Sciences, 11(11), 1456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111456
*Hameed, M., Abbasi, M. A., Noor, F., Fatima, A., Ibrahim, M., Bano, S…& Iqbal, S. (2024). Exploring neurocognitive and emotional outcomes of long COVID: A study among Pakistani patients. Cureus, 16(8), e67815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.67815
*Houben-Wilke, S., Goërtz, Y. M., Delbressine, J. M., Vaes, A. W., Meys, R., Machado, F. V… & Janssen, D. J. (2022). The impact of long COVID-19 on mental health: Observational 6-Month follow-up study. JMIR Mental Health, 9(2), e33704. Available at: https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8705
*Hurtado, C., Rojas-Gualdrón, D. F., Pérez Giraldo, G. S., Villegas Arbelaez, E., Mantilla, S. E., Campuzano-Sierra, M… & Koralnik, I. J. (2024). Neurologic manifestations of long COVID in Colombia: A comparative analysis of post-hospitalization vs. non-hospitalized patients. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18, 1450110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2024.1450110
*Jangnin, R., Ritruangroj, W., Kittisupkajorn, S., Sukeiam, P., Inchai, J., Maneeton, B… & Theerakittikul, T. (2024). Long-COVID prevalence and its association with health outcomes in the post-vaccine and antiviral-availability era. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(5), 1208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051208
*Kaplan, M., Çelik, M., & Özer, M. Y. (2023). Effects of long COVID-19 among young adults in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Acute Disease, 12(4), 151-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.385682
Kim, Y., Bae, S., Chang, H. H., & Kim, S. W. (2024). Characteristics of long COVID and the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on long COVID 2 years following COVID-19 infection: prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50024-4
*Kim, C., Moon, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, S., Chang, Y., Cho, W. H., Kim, W., Kwon, S. J., Kim, H. C., Yoo, K. H., & Lee, Y. S. (2024). Prevalences and interrelationships of post COVID-19 fatigue, sleep disturbances, and depression in healthy young and middle-aged adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(10), 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102801
*Kirchberger, I., Meisinger, C., Warm, T. D., Hyhlik-Dürr, A., Linseisen, J., & Goßlau, Y. (2023). Longitudinal course and predictors of health-related quality of life, mental health, and fatigue, in non-hospitalized individuals with or without post COVID-19 syndrome. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 22, 32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-024-02245-y
*Li, Y., Lam, L. T., Xiao, Y., Qiu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2024). The association between Long-COVID symptomology, perceived symptom burden and mental health in COVID-19 patients in Shijiazhuang, China: A population-based health survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1332066
*Lüscher, J., Scholz, U., & Bierbauer, W. (2023). Social support, distress and well-being in individuals experiencing Long-COVID: A cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open, 13(3), e067166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067166
*McAlearney, A. S., Eiterman, L. P., Mayers, E., Eramo, J. L., & MacEwan, S. R. (2024). A journey through grief: Experiences of loss among patients with long COVID. Journal of Patient Experience, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735241272267
*Moisoglou, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Kolisiati, A., Vraka, I., Kosiara, K., Siskou, O… & Galanis, P. (2024). Resilience and social support improve mental health and quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 230-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010015
*Morrow, A. K., Ng, R., Vargas, G., Jashar, D. T., Henning, E., Stinson, N., & Malone, L. A. (2021). Post-acute/Long COVID in pediatrics. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 100(12), 1140-1147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001896
*Naik, H., Tran, K. C., Staples, J. A., Perlis, R. H., & Levin, A. (2024). Psychiatric symptoms, treatment uptake, and barriers to mental health care among US adults with post–covid-19 condition. JAMA Network Open, 7(4), e248481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.8481
Nalbandian, A., Desai, A. D., & Wan, E. Y. (2023). Post-COVID-19 condition. Annual Review of Medicine, 74(1), 55-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-043021-030635
*Nowakowski, S., Kokonda, M., Sultana, R., Duong, B. B., Nagy, S. E., Zaidan, M. F., Baig, M. M., Grigg, B. V., Seashore, J., & Deer, R. R. (2022). Association between sleep quality and mental health among patients at a post-COVID-19 recovery clinic. Brain Sciences, 12(5), 586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12050586
*Oh, J., Chung, E. J., Jung, J. H., Lee, J. S., & Oh, S. (2024). Characteristics and impact of long COVID at a neurology clinic. European Neurology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000541172
*Omar, A. K., Dahesh, S. M., Ellakwa, D. E., Gomaa, M. K., Abdulsamad, B., Hanafy, R… & Alamrawy, R. G. (2022). Cognitive impairment in health care workers recovering from COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional comparative study. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 29, 79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-022-00245-6
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How to Cite
Chen, X., & Zhou, L. (2024). The Impact of Long-COVID on Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Science Insights, 45(3), 1531–1542. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.re1060
Section
Review
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