Preventive Strategies in Medicine: Cancer Screening
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Published
May 20, 2017
Abstract
The early detection of cancer by screening has been shown to decrease both cancer incidence and cancer mortality and is an important part of primary care practice. There are several important issues to consider when screening for cancer. Are the treatments for cancer acceptable, feasible and effective and for patients in this age group? How often does screening lead to further evaluation, such as breast biopsy after mammography, which may prove unnecessary yet result in morbidity? Finally, does screening improve the quality of life and functional status of older adults? Cancer screening is an evolving technology, and therefore the role that psychologists will play can change with advances in biomedicine. One vital future direction is that the use of risk-strati?ed screening; potentially reducing harms by targeting screening to groups that stand to achieve more. Screening for certain types of cancer can decrease disease-related mortality. When making any decision about cancer screening, physicians must weigh the risks and benefits for each patient. These risks and benefits include factors such as co-morbid diseases and associated life expectancy, the feasibility of surgical intervention, the acceptability of cancer treatments, and, most important for the elderly, the effects of screening and the resulting diagnostic evaluations and therapies on the quality of life
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Keywords
Preventive Medicine, Cancer Screening, Evidence-based Medicine, Mortality, Survival Rate
References
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11.Moyer VA. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012; 157(2): 120-134.
12. Swan J, Breen N, Graubard BI, McNeel TS, Blackman D, Tangka FK, Ballard-Barbash R. Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States: Results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer 2010; 116(20):4872-4881.
13. Swan J, Breen N, Graubard BI, McNeel TS, Blackman D, Tangka FK, Ballard-Barbash R. Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States: Results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer 2010;116(20):4872-4881.
14. Williams N, Hughes LJ, Turner EL, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Metcalfe C. Prostate-specific antigen testing rates remain low in UK general practice: A cross-sectional study in six English cities. BJU Int 2011;108(9):1402-1408.
15. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN 2008: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide in 2008; Retrieved from http://globocan.iarc.fr/
16. Kösters JP, Gotzsche PC. Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003(2):CD003373.
17. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast screening: An independent review. Lancet 2012;380:778-1786.
18. Gotzsche PC, Nielsen M. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(1): CD001877.
19. International Cancer Screening Network. 2008. Organization of breast cancer screening programs in 27 ICSN countries, 2007-2008; Retrieved from http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/icsn/breast/screening
20. Aberle DR, DeMello S, Berg CD, Black WC, Brewer B, Church TR, Sicks J. Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial. N Engl J Med 2013;369(10):920-931.
21. Marcus PM, Bergstralh EJ, Zweig MH, Harris A, Offord KP, Fontana RS. Extended lung cancer incidence follow-up in the Mayo Lung Project and overdiagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(11):748-756.
22. Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, PLCO Project Team. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA 2011; 306(17):1865-1873.
23. Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, Detterbeck FC. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: A systematic review. JAMA 2012; 307(22):2418-2429.
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25. American Cancer Society 2012. What are the key statistics about ovarian cancer? Retrieved from
26. Cancer Research UK 2012. Cancer mortality for common cancers. Retrieved from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/ mortality/cancerdeaths/uk-cancer-mortality-statistics-for-common-cancer
27. Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A, Johnson CC, Lamerato L, Isaacs C, PLCO Project Team. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2011; 305(22):2295-2303.
28. Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U. Screening for ovarian cancer in the general population. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26(2):243-256.
29. Evans DG, Warwick J, Astley SM, Stavrinos P, Sahin S, Ingham S, Howell A. Assessing individual breast cancer risk within the U.K. National Health Service Breast Screening Program: A new paradigm for cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012;5(7):943-951.
30. Cancer Research UK 2013. Ian Jacobs research projects: Risk stratification, early detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer; Retrieved from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/our-organisation/how-we-spend-your-money
31. Meisel SF, Side L, Fraser L, Gessler S, Wardle J, Lanceley A. Population-based, risk-stratified genetic testing for ovarian cancer risk: A focus group study. Public Health Genomics 2013;16(4):184-191.
32. Howell A, Astley S, Warwick J, Stavrinos P, Sahin S, Ingham S, Evans DG. Prevention of breast cancer in the context of a national breast screening programme. J Intern Med 2012; 271(4):321-330.
33. Senore C, Giordano L, Bellisario C, Di Stefano F, Egnan N. Population based cancer screening programmes as a teachable moment for primary prevention interventions. A review of the literature. Front Oncol 2012; 2-45.
34. Brawley OW. Prostate cancer screening; is this a teachable moment? J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(19):1295-1297.
35. Red SN, Kassan EC, Williams RM, Penek S, Lynch J, Ahaghotu C, Taylor KL. Underuse of colorectal cancer screening among men screened for prostate cancer: A teachable moment? Cancer 2010;116(20):4703-4710.
36.Baker AH, Wardle J. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among adults attending colorectal cancer screening: The efficacy of a brief tailored intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11: 203-206.
37.Robb KA, Power E, Kralj-Hans I, Atkin WS, Wardle J. The impact of individually-tailored lifestyle advice in the colorectal cancer screening context: A randomised pilot study in North-West London. Prevent Med 2010;51(6):505-508.
2. Peto J, Gilham C, Fletcher O, Matthews FE. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK. Lancet 2004; 364:249-256.
3. Jordan J, Martin-Hirsch P, Arbyn M, Schenck U, Baldauf JJ, Da Silva D, Prendiville W. European guidelines for clinical management of abnormal cervical cytology, part 2. Cytopathology 2009; 20(1):5-16.
4. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, Bosch FX, Kummer JA, Shah KV, Muñoz N. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999; 189(1):12-19.
5. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, Moscicki AB, Romanowski B, Roteli-Martins CM, HPV Vaccine Study Group. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: Follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet 2006;367:1247-1255.
6. Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, Andrade RP, Ault KA, Giuliano AR, Barr E. Prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine in young women: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre phase II efficacy trial. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6(5):271–278.
7. International Cancer Screening Network. (2008) Organization of cervical cancer screening programs in 20 ICSN countries, 2007-2008; Retrieved from http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/icsn/cervical/screening.html
8. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN 2008: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide in 2008; Retrieved from http://globocan.iarc.fr/
9. American Cancer Society 2012a. Cancer facts and figures 2012; Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiolo gysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf
10. Cancer Research UK 2012. Cancer mortality for common cancers; Retrieved from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/ mortality/cancerdeaths/uk-cancer-mortality-statistics-for-common-cancer
11.Moyer VA. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012; 157(2): 120-134.
12. Swan J, Breen N, Graubard BI, McNeel TS, Blackman D, Tangka FK, Ballard-Barbash R. Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States: Results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer 2010; 116(20):4872-4881.
13. Swan J, Breen N, Graubard BI, McNeel TS, Blackman D, Tangka FK, Ballard-Barbash R. Data and trends in cancer screening in the United States: Results from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer 2010;116(20):4872-4881.
14. Williams N, Hughes LJ, Turner EL, Donovan JL, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Metcalfe C. Prostate-specific antigen testing rates remain low in UK general practice: A cross-sectional study in six English cities. BJU Int 2011;108(9):1402-1408.
15. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. GLOBOCAN 2008: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide in 2008; Retrieved from http://globocan.iarc.fr/
16. Kösters JP, Gotzsche PC. Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003(2):CD003373.
17. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast screening: An independent review. Lancet 2012;380:778-1786.
18. Gotzsche PC, Nielsen M. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(1): CD001877.
19. International Cancer Screening Network. 2008. Organization of breast cancer screening programs in 27 ICSN countries, 2007-2008; Retrieved from http://appliedresearch.cancer.gov/icsn/breast/screening
20. Aberle DR, DeMello S, Berg CD, Black WC, Brewer B, Church TR, Sicks J. Results of the two incidence screenings in the National Lung Screening Trial. N Engl J Med 2013;369(10):920-931.
21. Marcus PM, Bergstralh EJ, Zweig MH, Harris A, Offord KP, Fontana RS. Extended lung cancer incidence follow-up in the Mayo Lung Project and overdiagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98(11):748-756.
22. Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, PLCO Project Team. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA 2011; 306(17):1865-1873.
23. Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, Detterbeck FC. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: A systematic review. JAMA 2012; 307(22):2418-2429.
24. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2013. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement; Retrieved from http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf13/ lungcan/lungcanfinalrs.htm
25. American Cancer Society 2012. What are the key statistics about ovarian cancer? Retrieved from
26. Cancer Research UK 2012. Cancer mortality for common cancers. Retrieved from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/ mortality/cancerdeaths/uk-cancer-mortality-statistics-for-common-cancer
27. Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A, Johnson CC, Lamerato L, Isaacs C, PLCO Project Team. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2011; 305(22):2295-2303.
28. Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U. Screening for ovarian cancer in the general population. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26(2):243-256.
29. Evans DG, Warwick J, Astley SM, Stavrinos P, Sahin S, Ingham S, Howell A. Assessing individual breast cancer risk within the U.K. National Health Service Breast Screening Program: A new paradigm for cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2012;5(7):943-951.
30. Cancer Research UK 2013. Ian Jacobs research projects: Risk stratification, early detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer; Retrieved from https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/our-organisation/how-we-spend-your-money
31. Meisel SF, Side L, Fraser L, Gessler S, Wardle J, Lanceley A. Population-based, risk-stratified genetic testing for ovarian cancer risk: A focus group study. Public Health Genomics 2013;16(4):184-191.
32. Howell A, Astley S, Warwick J, Stavrinos P, Sahin S, Ingham S, Evans DG. Prevention of breast cancer in the context of a national breast screening programme. J Intern Med 2012; 271(4):321-330.
33. Senore C, Giordano L, Bellisario C, Di Stefano F, Egnan N. Population based cancer screening programmes as a teachable moment for primary prevention interventions. A review of the literature. Front Oncol 2012; 2-45.
34. Brawley OW. Prostate cancer screening; is this a teachable moment? J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(19):1295-1297.
35. Red SN, Kassan EC, Williams RM, Penek S, Lynch J, Ahaghotu C, Taylor KL. Underuse of colorectal cancer screening among men screened for prostate cancer: A teachable moment? Cancer 2010;116(20):4703-4710.
36.Baker AH, Wardle J. Increasing fruit and vegetable intake among adults attending colorectal cancer screening: The efficacy of a brief tailored intervention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11: 203-206.
37.Robb KA, Power E, Kralj-Hans I, Atkin WS, Wardle J. The impact of individually-tailored lifestyle advice in the colorectal cancer screening context: A randomised pilot study in North-West London. Prevent Med 2010;51(6):505-508.
How to Cite
Finley, B. (2017). Preventive Strategies in Medicine: Cancer Screening. Science Insights, 2017(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.17.re037
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Review
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