Optogenetics: The Key to Deciphering and Curing Neurological Diseases
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Published
Dec 2, 2020
Abstract
Optogenetics is an emerging branch of biology that combines genetics and optics to achieve precise light control of specific cells in organisms. It is a method of studying excitable cells that uses proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane and are activated by light (i.e. “opto”). Such proteins (opsins) are found in most animals in the retina of the eyes, as well as in some plants, such as green algae. In order to integrate photoactivated proteins into neuronal membranes, it is necessary to introduce rhodopsin genes obtained from other organisms into neurons, hence the “genetics”. Optogenetics is widely used in the field of modern neurobiology, and plays an essential role in the study of the mechanism of neural circuits, behaviors, central nervous system diseases, and mental disorders. Based on the development of optogenetics technology, this paper introduces its optimization and localization expression, which not only provides references for the research and development of optogenetics, but also provides the possibility for in-depth research and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Keywords
Optogenetics, Bioengineering, Neurological Disease, Mechanism, Treatment
References
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12. Bassett DS, Cullen KE, Eickhoff SB, Farah MJ, Goda Y, Haggard P, Hu H, Hurd YL, Josselyn SA, Khakh BS, Knoblich JA, Poirazi P, Poldrack RA, Prinz M, Roelfsema PR, Spires-Jones TL, Sur M, Ueda HR. Reflections on the past two decades of neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21(10):524-534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0363-6
13. Lillicrap TP, Santoro A, Marris L, Akerman CJ, Hinton G. Backpropagation and the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21(6):335-346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0277-3
14. Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the healthy brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121(8):799-817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1180-8
15. Matsuno-Yagi A, Mukohata Y. Two possible roles of bacteriorhodopsin; a comparative study of strains of Halobacterium halobium differing in pigmentation. Biochem Biophysic Res Comm 1977; 78(1):237-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(77)91245-1
16. Nagel G, Ollig D, Fuhrmann M, Kateriya S, Musti AM, Bamberg E, Hegemann P. Channelrhodopsin-1: A light-gated proton channel in green algae. Science 2002; 296(5577):2395-2398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072068
17. Fromm J, Lautner S. Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants. Plant Cell Environ 2007; 30(3):249-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01614.x
18. Guru A, Post RJ, Ho YY, Warden MR. Making Sense of Optogenetics. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18(11):pyv079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyv079
19. Zemelman BV, Lee GA, Ng M, Miesenböck G. Selective photostimulation of genetically chARGed neurons. Neuron 2002; 33(1):15-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00574-8
20. Lima SQ, Miesenböck G. Remote control of behavior through genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons. Cell 2005; 121(1):141-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.004
21. Chambers JJ, Kramer RH. Light-activated ion channels for remote control of neural activity. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 90:217-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-679x(08)00811-x
22. Ernst OP, Lodowski DT, Elstner M, Hegemann P, Brown LS, Kandori H. Microbial and animal rhodopsins: structures, functions, and molecular mechanisms. Chem Rev 2014; 114(1):126-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4003769
23. Deisseroth K. Optogenetics. Nat Methods 2011; 8(1):26-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.f.324
24. Hososhima S, Shigemura S, Kandori H, Tsunoda SP. Novel optogenetics tool: Gt_CCR4, a light-gated cation channel with high reactivity to weak light. Biophys Rev 2020; 12(2):453-459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12551-020-00676-7
25. Mali S. Delivery systems for gene therapy. Indian J Hum Genet 2013; 19(1):3-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6866.112870
26. Berglund K, Birkner E, Augustine GJ, Hochgeschwender U. Light-emitting channelrhodopsins for combined optogenetic and chemical-genetic control of neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8(3):e59759. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059759
27. Lammel S, Tye KM, Warden MR. Progress in understanding mood disorders: optogenetic dissection of neural circuits. Genes Brain Behav 2014; 13(1):38-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12049
28. Adamantidis AR, Zhang F, Aravanis AM, Deisseroth K, de Lecea L. Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons. Nature 2007; 450(7168):420-424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06310
29. Aravanis AM, Wang LP, Zhang F, Meltzer LA, Mogri MZ, Schneider MB, Deisseroth K. An optical neural interface: in vivo control of rodent motor cortex with integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology. J Neural Eng 2007; 4(3):S143-S156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/4/3/s02
30. Peixoto HM, Cruz RMS, Moulin TC, Leão RN. Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Membrane Response of Light Stimulation in Optogenetically-Targeted Neurons. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2020.00005
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How to Cite
Wang, F. (2020). Optogenetics: The Key to Deciphering and Curing Neurological Diseases. Science Insights, 35(4), 224–235. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.20.re081
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