On the Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
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Published
May 5, 2021
Abstract
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, also known as dry eye disease, is an inflammatory condition of the ocular surface caused by a pathologic reduction in the aqueous component of the tear film. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca usually manifests as dry eyes, foreign bodies, burning, itching, blurred vision, red eyes, and contact lens intolerance. In the reported epidemiological investigations, the global prevalence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca was 5%-50% due to different populations and diagnostic criteria. Wearing contact lenses can aggravate symptoms. This paper reviews the research progress of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
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Keywords
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, Epidemiology, Symptoms, Therapy, Prognosis
References
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22. Sriprasert I, Warren DW, Mircheff AK, Stanczyk FZ. Dry eye in postmenopausal women: A hormonal disorder. Menopause 2016; 23(3):343-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000530
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2. Roberts DK. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. J Am Optom Assoc 1991; 62(3):187-199.
3. Lemp MA. Evaluation and differential diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. J Rheumatol Suppl 2000; 61:11-14.
4. Stapleton F, Alves M, Bunya VY, Jalbert I, Lekhanont K, Malet F, Na KS, Schaumberg D, Uchino M, Vehof J, Viso E, Vitale S, Jones L. TFOS DEWS II epidemiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15(3):334-365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003
5. Schein OD, Muñoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124(6):723-728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71688-5
6. Brewitt H, Sistani F. Dry eye disease: The scale of the problem. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 45(Suppl 2):S199-S202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00202-2
7. Lin PY, Tsai SY, Cheng CY, Liu JH, Chou P, Hsu WM. Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: The Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003; 110(6):1096-1101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00262-8
8. Song P, Xia W, Wang M, Chang X, Wang J, Jin S, Wang J, Wei W, Rudan I. Variations of dry eye disease prevalence by age, sex and geographic characteristics in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2018; 8(2):020503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.08.020503
9. Caffery B, Srinivasan S, Reaume CJ, Fischer A, Cappadocia D, Siffel C, Chan CC. Prevalence of dry eye disease in Ontario, Canada: A population-based survey Ocul Surf. 2019; 17(3):526-531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2019.02.011
10. Clayton JA. Dry eye. N Engl J Med 2018; 378(23):2212-2223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1407936
11. Rouen PA, White ML. Dry eye disease: Prevalence, assessment, and management. Home Healthc Now 2018; 36(2):74-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NHH.0000000000000652
12. Mandell JT, Idarraga M, Kumar N, Galor A. Impact of air pollution and weather on dry eye. J Clin Med 2020; 9(11):3740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113740
13. Huang A, Janecki J, Galor A, Rock S, Menendez D, Hackam AS, Jeng BH, Kumar N. Association of the indoor environment with dry eye metrics. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020;138(8):867-874. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.2237
14. Nakamura S. Approach to dry eye in video display terminal workers (basic science). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59(14):DES130-DES137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-23762
15. Chiva A. Electrophoresis of tear proteins as a new diagnostic tool for two high risk groups for dry eye: Computer users and contact lens wearers. J Med Life 2011; 4(3):228-233.
16. McMonnies CW. Incomplete blinking: exposure keratopathy, lid wiper epitheliopathy, dry eye, refractive surgery, and dry contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2007; 30(1):37-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2006.12.002
17. González-Méijome JM, Parafita MA, Yebra-Pimentel E, Almeida JB. Symptoms in a population of contact lens and noncontact lens wearers under different environmental conditions. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84(4):296-302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318041f77c
18. Liu Q, Xu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Xia J, Wang Y, He X, Qu J, Hu L. Changes in corneal dendritic cell and sub-basal nerve in long-term contact lens wearers with dry eye. Eye Contact Lens 2020; 46(4):238-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000691
19. Dua HS, Said DG, Messmer EM, Rolando M, Benitez-Del-Castillo JM, Hossain PN, Shortt AJ, Geerling G, Nubile M, Figueiredo FC, Rauz S, Mastropasqua L, Rama P, Baudouin C. Neurotrophic keratopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:107-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.04.003
20. Matossian C, McDonald M, Donaldson KE, Nichols KK, MacIver S, Gupta PK. Dry eye disease: Consideration for women’s health. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28(4):502-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7041
21. Pult H. Relationships between meibomian gland loss and age, sex, and dry eye. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44(Suppl 2):S318-S324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000467
22. Sriprasert I, Warren DW, Mircheff AK, Stanczyk FZ. Dry eye in postmenopausal women: A hormonal disorder. Menopause 2016; 23(3):343-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000000530
23. Truong S, Cole N, Stapleton F, Golebiowski B. Sex hormones and the dry eye. Clin Exp Optom 2014; 97(4):324-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12147
24. Guannan H, Long S, Xia H, Dong W, Shaozhen Z. Clinical characterisation and cytological study of dry eye in patients with autoimmune disease. J Pak Med Assoc 2018; 68(3):353-358.
25. Liu KC, Huynh K, Grubbs J Jr, Davis RM. Autoimmunity in the pathogenesis and treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 14(1):403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0403-7
26. Sandra Johanna GP, Antonio LA, Andrés GS. Correlation between type 2 diabetes, dry eye and Meibomian glands dysfunction. J Optom 2019; 12(4):256-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optom.2019.02.003
27. Yoo TK, Oh E. Diabetes mellitus is associated with dry eye syndrome: A meta-analysis. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39(11):2611-2620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-019-01110-y
28. Hu Z, Xu S, Lin H, Ni W, Yang Q, Qi J, Du K, Gu J, Lin Z. Prevalence and risk factors for bone loss in Southern Chinese with rheumatic diseases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21(1):416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03403-1
29. Gomes JAP, Azar DT, Baudouin C, Efron N, Hirayama M, Horwath-Winter J, Kim T, Mehta JS, Messmer EM, Pepose JS, Sangwan VS, Weiner AL, Wilson SE, Wolffsohn JS. TFOS DEWS II iatrogenic report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15(3):511-538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.004
30. Messmer EM. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015; 112(5):71-81; quiz 82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0071
31. Sonobe H, Ogawa Y, Yamada K, Shimizu E, Uchino Y, Kamoi M, Saijo Y, Yamane M, Citterio D, Suzuki K, Tsubota K. A novel and innovative paper-based analytical device for assessing tear lactoferrin of dry eye patients. Ocul Surf 2019; 17(1):160-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2018.11.001
32. Dursch TJ, Li W, Taraz B, Lin MC, Radke CJ. Tear-film evaporation rate from simultaneous ocular-surface temperature and tear-breakup area. Optom Vis Sci 2018; 95(1):5-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001156
33. Toda I. Dry eye after LASIK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59(14):DES109-DES115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.17-23538
34. Kaido M, Matsumoto Y, Shigeno Y, Ishida R, Dogru M, Tsubota K. Corneal fluorescein staining correlates with visual function in dry eye patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52(13):9516-9522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8412
35. Merali FI, Schein OD, Berenholtz SM. High-value care for cataract surgery: Questioning the utility of routine preoperative medical evaluation. Qual Manag Health Care 2018; 27(3):178-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/QMH.0000000000000171
36. Buckley RJ. Assessment and management of dry eye disease. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32(2):200-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2017.289
37. Pucker AD, Ng SM, Nichols JJ. Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2:CD009729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009729.pub2
38. Arshinoff S, Hofmann I, Nae H. Rheological behavior of commercial artificial tear solutions. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020 Nov 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000507
39. Holly FJ. Artificial tear formulations. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1980; 20(3):171-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004397-198002030-00016
40. Marcet MM, Shtein RM, Bradley EA, Deng SX, Meyer DR, Bilyk JR, Yen MT, Lee WB, Mawn LA. Safety and efficacy of lacrimal drainage system plugs for dry eye syndrome: A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2015; 122(8):1681-1687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.04.034
41. Ervin AM, Law A, Pucker AD. Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 6(6):CD006775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006775.pub3
42. Udell IJ, Kenyon KR, Sawa M, Dohlman CH. Treatment of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis by thermocauterization of the superior bulbar conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 1986; 93(2):162-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33766-7
43. Al-Saedi Z, Zimmerman A, Bachu RD, Dey S, Shah Z, Baugh R, Boddu SH. Dry eye disease: Present challenges in the management and future trends. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22(28):4470-4490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160614012634
44. Marshall LL, Roach JM. Treatment of dry eye disease. Consult Pharm 2016; 31(2):96-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2016.96
45. Dogru M, Tsubota K. Pharmacotherapy of dry eye. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12(3):325-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2010.518612
46. Carlsson SK, Edman MC, Delbro D, Gierow JP. Adenosine A2 receptor presence and synergy with cholinergic stimulation in rabbit lacrimal gland. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35(6):466-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/02713681003602667
47. Tiburtius H, Merker HJ. Uber eine neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit der herabgesetzten Tränenproduktion [A new treatment for reduced tear production]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1973; 162(4):535-539. German.
48. Chisari LM, Malaguarnera S, Grasso A, Malaguarnera M, Chisari G, Borzì AM, Chisari CG. Cilostazol reduces dry eye symptoms and improve walking distance in patients with peripheral artery disease. Clin Ter 2019; 170(5):e357-e363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2019.2160
49. Faustino JF, Ribeiro-Silva A, Dalto RF, Souza MM, Furtado JM, Rocha Gde M, Alves M, Rocha EM. Vitamin A and the eye: An old tale for modern times. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2016; 79(1):56-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20160018
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How to Cite
Grand, E., & Mossel, H. (2021). On the Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Science Insights, 37(1), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.21.re061
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