Health-Related Risk Factors for Women Who Have Sex with Women
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Mar 31, 2022
Abstract
Women, bisexual women, certain heterosexual women, and people of the same sex in a setting are all examples of women who have sex with women (WSW). Extensive research on the behavioral traits and health status of the WSW community has revealed that they have a worse overall health status, a greater risk of sexually transmitted disease infection, and a worse mental health status than heterosexuals. By doing a study of the WSW population’s current characteristics, sexually transmitted disease infection status, mental and mental health state, and health-related risk factors, this paper establishes a foundation for health education and behavioral interventions with this population.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Women Who Have Sex with Women, Health, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Population
References
1. Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ. The science of conducting research with LGBT older adults - An introduction to aging with pride: National Health, Aging, and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS). Gerontologist 2017; 57(Suppl 1):S1-S14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw212
2. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 2, Context for LGBT Health Status in the United States. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64801/
3. Chesson HW, Mayaud P, Aral SO. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, et al., editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. Chapter 10. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525195/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0524-0_ch10
4. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 2003; 129(5):674-697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
5. Conron KJ, Mimiaga MJ, Landers SJ. A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(10):1953-1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169
6. Cochran SD, Mays VM, Alegria M, Ortega AN, Takeuchi D. Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75(5):785-794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.785
7. Boehmer U, Miao X, Maxwell NI, Ozonoff A. Sexual minority population density and incidence of lung, colorectal and female breast cancer in California. BMJ Open 2014; 4(3):e004461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004461
8. Guertin JR, Feeny D, Tarride JE. Age- and sex-specific Canadian utility norms, based on the 2013-2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. CMAJ 2018; 190(6):E155-E161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170317
9. Mollborn S, Everett B. Understanding the educational attainment of sexual minority women and men. Res Soc Stratif Mobil 2015; 41:40-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2015.04.004
10. Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Barkan SE, Muraco A, Hoy-Ellis CP. Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study. Am J Public Health 2013; 103(10):1802-1809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110
11. Ross CE, Masters RK, Hummer RA. Education and the gender gaps in health and mortality. Demography 2012; 49(4):1157-1183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0130-z
12. Suehiro TT, Damke GMZF, Damke E, de Azevedo Ramos PLR, de Andrade Pereira Silva M, Pelloso SM, Huh WK, Franco RAF, da Silva VRS, Scarinci IC, Consolaro MEL. Cervical and oral human papillomavirus infection in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and matched HIV-negative controls in Brazil. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00301-y
13. Yeung H, Luk KM, Chen SC, Ginsberg BA, Katz KA. Dermatologic care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons: Epidemiology, screening, and disease prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80(3):591-602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.045
14. Pakula B, Shoveller JA. Sexual orientation and self-reported mood disorder diagnosis among Canadian adults. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-209
15. Bostwick WB, Boyd CJ, Hughes TL, McCabe SE. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(3):468-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942
16. Xiao Y, Lindsey MA. Racial/ethnic, sex, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic disparities in suicidal trajectories and mental health treatment among adolescents transitioning to young adulthood in the USA: A population-based cohort study. Adm Policy Ment Health 2021; 48(5):742-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-021-01122-w
17. Cash SJ, Bridge JA. Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21(5):613-619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833063e1
18. Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Slopen N. Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(6):612-621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.027
19. Meads C, Moore D. Breast cancer in lesbians and bisexual women: Systematic review of incidence, prevalence and risk studies. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1127
20. Frisch M, Brønnum-Hansen H. Mortality among men and women in same-sex marriage: A national cohort study of 8333 Danes. Am J Public Health 2009; 99(1):133-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801
21. Knight DA, Jarrett D. Preventive health care for women who have sex with women. Am Fam Physician 2017; 95(5):314-321
22. Baptiste-Roberts K, Oranuba E, Werts N, Edwards LV. Addressing health care disparities among sexual minorities. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2017; 44(1):71-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2016.11.003
23. Pinto VM, Tancredi MV, Tancredi Neto A, Buchalla CM. Sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk behaviour among women who have sex with women. AIDS 2005; 19 Suppl 4:S64-S69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000191493.43865.2a
24. Forcey DS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Fairley CK, Law M, McNair RP, Bradshaw CS. Factors associated with bacterial vaginosis among women who have sex with women: A systematic review. PLoS One 2015; 10(12):e0141905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141905
25. Kairys N, Garg M. Bacterial Vaginosis. [Updated 2021 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/
26. Hubach RD, Dodge B, Goncalves G, Malebranche D, Reece M, Van Der Pol B, Martinez O, Schnarrs PW, Nix R, Fortenberry JD. Gender matters: Condom use and nonuse among behaviorally bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43(4):707-717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0147-4
27. Medina-Perucha L, Family H, Scott J, Chapman S, Dack C. Factors associated with sexual risks and risk of STIS, HIV and other blood-borne viruses among women using heroin and other drugs: A systematic literature review. AIDS Behav 2019; 23(1):222-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2238-7
28. Canan SN, Jozkowski KN, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Bradley M, Blunt-Vinti H. Differences in lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women's experiences of sexual assault and rape in a national U.S. sample. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36(19-20):9100-9120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519863725
29. Gangamma R, Slesnick N, Toviessi P, Serovich J. Comparison of HIV risks among gay, lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual homeless youth. J Youth Adolesc 2008; 37(4):456-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9171-9
30. Mason TB, Lewis RJ. Minority stress, depression, relationship quality, and alcohol use: Associations with overweight and obesity among partnered young adult lesbians. LGBT Health 2015; 2(4):333-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0053
31. Hyde Z, Comfort J, McManus A, Brown G, Howat P. Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use amongst same-sex attracted women: Results from the Western Australian Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Health and Well-Being Survey. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-317
32. Schuler MS, Collins RL. Sexual minority substance use disparities: Bisexual women at elevated risk relative to other sexual minority groups. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107755
33. Krueger EA, Fish JN, Upchurch DM. Sexual orientation disparities in substance use: Investigating social stress mechanisms in a national sample. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58(1):59-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.034
34. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian Health Research Priorities; Solarz AL, editor. Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999. 2, Lesbian Health Status and Health Risks. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45095/
35. McCabe SE, Bostwick WB, Hughes TL, West BT, Boyd CJ. The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(10):1946-1952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
36. Ayala G, Makofane K, Santos GM, Beck J, Do TD, Hebert P, Wilson PA, Pyun T, Arreola S. Access to basic HIV-related services and PrEP acceptability among men who have sex with men worldwide: Barriers, facilitators, and implications for combination prevention. J Sex Transm Dis 2013; 2013:953123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/953123
37. Logie CH, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy MR. HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: A qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Med 2011; 8(11):e1001124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
38. Fausto-Sterling A. Gender/sex, sexual orientation, and identity are in the body: How did they get there? J Sex Res 2019; 56(4-5):529-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1581883
39. Rowe D, Ng YC, O'Keefe L, Crawford D. Providers' attitudes and knowledge of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. Fed Pract 2017; 34(11):28-34.
40. Hafeez H, Zeshan M, Tahir MA, Jahan N, Naveed S. Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: A literature review. Cureus 2017; 9(4):e1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1184
41. Russell ST, Fish JN. Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2016; 12:465-487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
42. Wang Y, Hu Z, Peng K, Rechdan J, Yang Y, Wu L, Xin Y, Lin J, Duan Z, Zhu X, Feng Y, Chen S, Ou J, Chen R. Mapping out a spectrum of the Chinese public's discrimination toward the LGBT community: Results from a national survey. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1):669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08834-y
43. Haviland KS, Swette S, Kelechi T, Mueller M. Barriers and facilitators to cancer screening among LGBTQ individuals with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2020; 47(1):44-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.44-55
44. SAMHSA: Medley G, Lipari RN, Bose J; RTI International: Cribb DS, Kroutil LA, McHenry G. Sexual orientation and estimates of adult substance use and mental health: Results from the 2015 national survey on drug use and health. NSDUH Data Review, 2016; Last access: March 9, 2022; Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015.htm
2. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 2, Context for LGBT Health Status in the United States. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64801/
3. Chesson HW, Mayaud P, Aral SO. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, et al., editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd edition. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. Chapter 10. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525195/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0524-0_ch10
4. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 2003; 129(5):674-697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
5. Conron KJ, Mimiaga MJ, Landers SJ. A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(10):1953-1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.174169
6. Cochran SD, Mays VM, Alegria M, Ortega AN, Takeuchi D. Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2007; 75(5):785-794. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.785
7. Boehmer U, Miao X, Maxwell NI, Ozonoff A. Sexual minority population density and incidence of lung, colorectal and female breast cancer in California. BMJ Open 2014; 4(3):e004461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004461
8. Guertin JR, Feeny D, Tarride JE. Age- and sex-specific Canadian utility norms, based on the 2013-2014 Canadian Community Health Survey. CMAJ 2018; 190(6):E155-E161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170317
9. Mollborn S, Everett B. Understanding the educational attainment of sexual minority women and men. Res Soc Stratif Mobil 2015; 41:40-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2015.04.004
10. Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Barkan SE, Muraco A, Hoy-Ellis CP. Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a population-based study. Am J Public Health 2013; 103(10):1802-1809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110
11. Ross CE, Masters RK, Hummer RA. Education and the gender gaps in health and mortality. Demography 2012; 49(4):1157-1183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0130-z
12. Suehiro TT, Damke GMZF, Damke E, de Azevedo Ramos PLR, de Andrade Pereira Silva M, Pelloso SM, Huh WK, Franco RAF, da Silva VRS, Scarinci IC, Consolaro MEL. Cervical and oral human papillomavirus infection in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and matched HIV-negative controls in Brazil. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00301-y
13. Yeung H, Luk KM, Chen SC, Ginsberg BA, Katz KA. Dermatologic care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons: Epidemiology, screening, and disease prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80(3):591-602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.045
14. Pakula B, Shoveller JA. Sexual orientation and self-reported mood disorder diagnosis among Canadian adults. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-209
15. Bostwick WB, Boyd CJ, Hughes TL, McCabe SE. Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(3):468-475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942
16. Xiao Y, Lindsey MA. Racial/ethnic, sex, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic disparities in suicidal trajectories and mental health treatment among adolescents transitioning to young adulthood in the USA: A population-based cohort study. Adm Policy Ment Health 2021; 48(5):742-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-021-01122-w
17. Cash SJ, Bridge JA. Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21(5):613-619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833063e1
18. Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Slopen N. Sexual orientation disparities in cardiovascular biomarkers among young adults. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44(6):612-621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2013.01.027
19. Meads C, Moore D. Breast cancer in lesbians and bisexual women: Systematic review of incidence, prevalence and risk studies. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1127
20. Frisch M, Brønnum-Hansen H. Mortality among men and women in same-sex marriage: A national cohort study of 8333 Danes. Am J Public Health 2009; 99(1):133-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.133801
21. Knight DA, Jarrett D. Preventive health care for women who have sex with women. Am Fam Physician 2017; 95(5):314-321
22. Baptiste-Roberts K, Oranuba E, Werts N, Edwards LV. Addressing health care disparities among sexual minorities. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2017; 44(1):71-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2016.11.003
23. Pinto VM, Tancredi MV, Tancredi Neto A, Buchalla CM. Sexually transmitted disease/HIV risk behaviour among women who have sex with women. AIDS 2005; 19 Suppl 4:S64-S69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000191493.43865.2a
24. Forcey DS, Vodstrcil LA, Hocking JS, Fairley CK, Law M, McNair RP, Bradshaw CS. Factors associated with bacterial vaginosis among women who have sex with women: A systematic review. PLoS One 2015; 10(12):e0141905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141905
25. Kairys N, Garg M. Bacterial Vaginosis. [Updated 2021 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459216/
26. Hubach RD, Dodge B, Goncalves G, Malebranche D, Reece M, Van Der Pol B, Martinez O, Schnarrs PW, Nix R, Fortenberry JD. Gender matters: Condom use and nonuse among behaviorally bisexual men. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43(4):707-717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0147-4
27. Medina-Perucha L, Family H, Scott J, Chapman S, Dack C. Factors associated with sexual risks and risk of STIS, HIV and other blood-borne viruses among women using heroin and other drugs: A systematic literature review. AIDS Behav 2019; 23(1):222-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2238-7
28. Canan SN, Jozkowski KN, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Bradley M, Blunt-Vinti H. Differences in lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women's experiences of sexual assault and rape in a national U.S. sample. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36(19-20):9100-9120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519863725
29. Gangamma R, Slesnick N, Toviessi P, Serovich J. Comparison of HIV risks among gay, lesbian, bisexual and heterosexual homeless youth. J Youth Adolesc 2008; 37(4):456-464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-007-9171-9
30. Mason TB, Lewis RJ. Minority stress, depression, relationship quality, and alcohol use: Associations with overweight and obesity among partnered young adult lesbians. LGBT Health 2015; 2(4):333-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0053
31. Hyde Z, Comfort J, McManus A, Brown G, Howat P. Alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use amongst same-sex attracted women: Results from the Western Australian Lesbian and Bisexual Women's Health and Well-Being Survey. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-317
32. Schuler MS, Collins RL. Sexual minority substance use disparities: Bisexual women at elevated risk relative to other sexual minority groups. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107755
33. Krueger EA, Fish JN, Upchurch DM. Sexual orientation disparities in substance use: Investigating social stress mechanisms in a national sample. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58(1):59-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.08.034
34. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Lesbian Health Research Priorities; Solarz AL, editor. Lesbian Health: Current Assessment and Directions for the Future. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1999. 2, Lesbian Health Status and Health Risks. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45095/
35. McCabe SE, Bostwick WB, Hughes TL, West BT, Boyd CJ. The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Am J Public Health 2010; 100(10):1946-1952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
36. Ayala G, Makofane K, Santos GM, Beck J, Do TD, Hebert P, Wilson PA, Pyun T, Arreola S. Access to basic HIV-related services and PrEP acceptability among men who have sex with men worldwide: Barriers, facilitators, and implications for combination prevention. J Sex Transm Dis 2013; 2013:953123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/953123
37. Logie CH, James L, Tharao W, Loutfy MR. HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: A qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Med 2011; 8(11):e1001124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
38. Fausto-Sterling A. Gender/sex, sexual orientation, and identity are in the body: How did they get there? J Sex Res 2019; 56(4-5):529-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1581883
39. Rowe D, Ng YC, O'Keefe L, Crawford D. Providers' attitudes and knowledge of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. Fed Pract 2017; 34(11):28-34.
40. Hafeez H, Zeshan M, Tahir MA, Jahan N, Naveed S. Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: A literature review. Cureus 2017; 9(4):e1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1184
41. Russell ST, Fish JN. Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2016; 12:465-487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
42. Wang Y, Hu Z, Peng K, Rechdan J, Yang Y, Wu L, Xin Y, Lin J, Duan Z, Zhu X, Feng Y, Chen S, Ou J, Chen R. Mapping out a spectrum of the Chinese public's discrimination toward the LGBT community: Results from a national survey. BMC Public Health 2020; 20(1):669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08834-y
43. Haviland KS, Swette S, Kelechi T, Mueller M. Barriers and facilitators to cancer screening among LGBTQ individuals with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2020; 47(1):44-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.44-55
44. SAMHSA: Medley G, Lipari RN, Bose J; RTI International: Cribb DS, Kroutil LA, McHenry G. Sexual orientation and estimates of adult substance use and mental health: Results from the 2015 national survey on drug use and health. NSDUH Data Review, 2016; Last access: March 9, 2022; Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015/NSDUH-SexualOrientation-2015.htm
How to Cite
Figar, W., & Dain, S. (2022). Health-Related Risk Factors for Women Who Have Sex with Women. Science Insights, 40(4), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.22.re032
Issue
Section
Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.