In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Stenting
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Published
Aug 28, 2022
Abstract
Carotid artery stenosis is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke. Currently, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is the surgical treatment of choice for carotid artery stenosis. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) increases the risk of carotid artery stenosis. CAS is one of the treatment options available, particularly for high-risk CEA patients. Although CAS has the advantages of being less invasive, causing less patient discomfort, and requiring a shorter hospital stay, some patients may develop in-stent restenosis (ISR). ISR is closely related to clinical events such as transient ischemic attacks and ischemic stroke recurrence. The author examines the mechanism, influencing factors, and research progress of ISR following CAS, as well as its prevention and treatment, in order to provide clinical insights for clinicians.
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Keywords
Carotid Artery Stenosis, Endarterectomy, Stenting, In-Stent Restenosis, Outcomes
References
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31. Blindt R, Vogt F, Astafieva I, Fach C, Hristov M, Krott N, Seitz B, Kapurniotu A, Kwok C, Dewor M, Bosserhoff AK, Bernhagen J, Hanrath P, Hoffmann R, Weber C. A novel drug-eluting stent coated with an integrin-binding cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by recruiting endothelial progenitor cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(9):1786-1795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.081
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33. Ge S, Xi Y, Du R, Ren Y, Xu Z, Tan Y, Wang Y, Yin T, Wang G. Inhibition of in-stent restenosis after graphene oxide double-layer drug coating with good biocompatibility. Regen Biomater 2019; 6(5):299-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz010
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36. Saleem T, Baril DT. Carotid Artery Stenting. [Updated 2022 Jan 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470541/
37. Yang Y, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Wang X, Li F, Liu H. The effect of stent compression on in-stent restenosis and clinical outcomes in iliac vein compression syndrome. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11(6):2245-2252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-20-915
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2. Brott TG, Hobson RW 2nd, Howard G, Roubin GS, Clark WM, Brooks W, Mackey A, Hill MD, Leimgruber PP, Sheffet AJ, Howard VJ, Moore WS, Voeks JH, Hopkins LN, Cutlip DE, Cohen DJ, Popma JJ, Ferguson RD, Cohen SN, Blackshear JL, Silver FL, Mohr JP, Lal BK, Meschia JF; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(1):11-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0912321. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2010; 363(5):498. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2010; 363(2):198.
3. Adams HP Jr. Management of carotid artery stenosis: Endarterectomy or stenting? Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85(12):1071-1072. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0692
4. Lovrencic-Huzjan A, Rundek T, Katsnelson M. Recommendations for management of patients with carotid stenosis. Stroke Res Treat 2012; 2012:175869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/175869
5. Huang H, Wu L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Yu Z, Luo X. Treatment of the carotid in-stent restenosis: A systematic review. Front Neurol 2021; 12:748304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.748304
6. Omeh DJ, Shlofmitz E. Restenosis. [Updated 2022 May 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545139/
7. Che Man R, Sulaiman N, Ishak MF, Bt Hj Idrus R, Abdul Rahman MR, Yazid MD. The effects of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory agents for the suppression of intimal hyperplasia: An evidence-based review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(21):7825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217825
8. Sorokin V, Vickneson K, Kofidis T, Woo CC, Lin XY, Foo R, Shanahan CM. Role of vascular smooth muscle cell plasticity and interactions in vessel wall inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.599415
9. van Hinsbergh VW. Endothelium--role in regulation of coagulation and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34(1):93-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0285-5
10. Dehghani T, Panitch A. Endothelial cells, neutrophils and platelets: Getting to the bottom of an inflammatory triangle. Open Biol 2020; 10(10):200161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200161
11. Habib A, Finn AV. Endothelialization of drug eluting stents and its impact on dual anti-platelet therapy duration. Pharmacol Res 2015; 93:22-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2014.12.003
12. Wang J, Jin X, Huang Y, Ran X, Luo D, Yang D, Jia D, Zhang K, Tong J, Deng X, Wang G. Endovascular stent-induced alterations in host artery mechanical environments and their roles in stent restenosis and late thrombosis. Regen Biomater 2018; 5(3):177-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rby006
13. Aoki J, Tanabe K. Mechanisms of drug-eluting stent restenosis. Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2021; 36(1):23-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12928-020-00734-7
14. Andreou I, Stone PH, Ikonomidis I, Alexopoulos D, Sabaté M. Recurrent atherosclerosis complications as a mechanism for stent failure. Hellenic J Cardiol 2020; 61(1):9-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2019.04.007
15. Hingwala D, Kesavadas C, Sylaja PN, Thomas B, Kapilamoorthy TR. Multimodality imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: Going beyond stenosis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2013; 23(1):26-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.113616
16. Stilo F, Montelione N, Calandrelli R, Distefano M, Spinelli F, Di Lazzaro V, Pilato F. The management of carotid restenosis: A comprehensive review. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8(19):1272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-963
17. Buglak NE, Bahnson ESM. A rat carotid artery pressure-controlled segmental balloon injury with periadventitial therapeutic application. J Vis Exp 2020; (161):10.3791/60473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3791/60473
18. Liu D, Mo X, Zhang H, Wu L, Tan J, Xiao J, Qin Z. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) alleviates vascular restenosis after balloon injury in a rabbit carotid artery model. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2018; 11(5):2479-2487.
19. Neuman NA, Ma S, Schnitzler GR, Zhu Y, Lagna G, Hata A. The four-and-a-half LIM domain protein 2 regulates vascular smooth muscle phenotype and vascular tone. J Biol Chem 2009; 284(19):13202-13212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M900282200
20. Qiu J, Zheng Y, Hu J, Liao D, Gregersen H, Deng X, Fan Y, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell functions: from in vitro to in vivo understanding. J R Soc Interface 2013; 11(90):20130852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0852
21. Dai Z, Xu G. Restenosis after carotid artery stenting. Vascular 2017; 25(6):576-586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1708538117706273
22. Tao Y, Hua Y, Jia L, Jiao L, Liu B. Risk factors for residual stenosis after carotid artery stenting. Front Neurol 2021; 11:606924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.606924
23. Haidegger M, Kneihsl M, Niederkorn K, Deutschmann H, Augustin M, Wünsch G, Fandler-Höfler S, Horner S, Fazekas F, Enzinger C, Gattringer T. Mean platelet volume does not predict restenosis after carotid artery stenting in whites. Stroke 2020; 51(3):986-989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028180
24. Pereira-Neves A, Saramago S, Duarte-Gamas L, Domingues-Monteiro D, Fragão-Marques M, Marques-Vieira M, Andrade JP, Pais S, Rocha-Neves J. Mean platelet volume predicts restenosis after carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 81:216-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2021.08.054
25. Wasser K, Schnaudigel S, Wohlfahrt J, Psychogios MN, Knauth M, Gröschel K. Inflammation and in-stent restenosis: The role of serum markers and stent characteristics in carotid artery stenting. PLoS One 2011; 6(7):e22683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022683
26. Choi BS, Park JW, Shin JE, Lü PH, Kim JK, Kim SJ, Lee DH, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Suh DC. Outcome evaluation of carotid stenting in high-risk patients with symptomatic carotid near occlusion. Interv Neuroradiol 2010; 16(3):309-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/159101991001600314
27. Dai Z, Li R, Zhao N, Han Y, Wang M, Zhang S, Bai Y, Li Z, Liang M, Xiao L, Ma M, Liu X, Xu G. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of restenosis after angioplasty and stenting for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Angiology 2019; 70(2):160-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319718784805
28. Kang J, Hong JH, Kim BJ, Bae HJ, Kwon OK, Oh CW, Jung C, Lee JS, Han MK. Residual stenosis after carotid artery stenting: Effect on periprocedural and long-term outcomes. PLoS One 2019; 14(9):e0216592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216592
29. Hashem SES, Belal ES, Hegazy MM, El-Bassiony AA, Ahmed SM, Zaid II. Cerebrovascular reactivity recovery following carotid angioplasty and stenting. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 2019; 55:32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-019-0071-1
30. Nishihori M, Ohshima T, Yamamoto T, Goto S, Nishizawa T, Shimato S, Izumi T, Kato K. Overlap stenting for in-stent restenosis after carotid artery stenting. Nagoya J Med Sci 2016; 78(2):143-9.
31. Blindt R, Vogt F, Astafieva I, Fach C, Hristov M, Krott N, Seitz B, Kapurniotu A, Kwok C, Dewor M, Bosserhoff AK, Bernhagen J, Hanrath P, Hoffmann R, Weber C. A novel drug-eluting stent coated with an integrin-binding cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide inhibits neointimal hyperplasia by recruiting endothelial progenitor cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(9):1786-1795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2005.11.081
32. Yang YX, Liu Y, Li CP, Lu PJ, Wang J, Gao J. Clinical outcomes of drug-eluting versus bare-metal in-stent restenosis after the treatment of drug-eluting stent or drug-eluting balloon: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Cardiol 2020; 2020:8179849. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8179849
33. Ge S, Xi Y, Du R, Ren Y, Xu Z, Tan Y, Wang Y, Yin T, Wang G. Inhibition of in-stent restenosis after graphene oxide double-layer drug coating with good biocompatibility. Regen Biomater 2019; 6(5):299-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rb/rbz010
34. Tuñón J, Badimón L, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Cariou B, Daemen MJ, Egido J, Evans PC, Hoefer IE, Ketelhuth DFJ, Lutgens E, Matter CM, Monaco C, Steffens S, Stroes E, Vindis C, Weber C, Bäck M. Identifying the anti-inflammatory response to lipid lowering therapy: A position paper from the working group on atherosclerosis and vascular biology of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115(1):10-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy293
35. Zhang R, Tao Z, Gong J, Ji Z, Yang M, Ma G, Li Y. Albumin to globulin ratio was associated with in-stent restenosis and revascularization events after percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15(5):1187-1195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13236
36. Saleem T, Baril DT. Carotid Artery Stenting. [Updated 2022 Jan 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470541/
37. Yang Y, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang Z, Wang X, Li F, Liu H. The effect of stent compression on in-stent restenosis and clinical outcomes in iliac vein compression syndrome. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11(6):2245-2252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/qims-20-915
38. Weintraub WS. The vascular effects of cilostazol. Can J Cardiol 2006; 22 Suppl B(Suppl B):56B-60B. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0828-282x(06)70987-4
39. Yamagami H, Sakai N, Matsumaru Y, Sakai C, Kai Y, Sugiu K, Fujinaka T, Matsumoto Y, Miyachi S, Yoshimura S, Hyogo T, Kuwayama N, Hyodo A. Periprocedural cilostazol treatment and restenosis after carotid artery stenting: the Retrospective Study of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Artery Stenting (ReSISteR-CAS). J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 21(3):193-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.06.007
40. Kawamoto S, Kusudo E, Fukuda K. Use of argatroban in combination with nafamostat mesilate in open-heart surgery for a pediatric patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II: A case report. JA Clin Rep 2020; 6(1):3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40981-020-0310-6
41. Koster A, Fischer KG, Harder S, Mertzlufft F. The direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban: a review of its use in patients with and without HIT. Biologics 2007; 1(2):105-112.
42. Antonopoulos AS, Margaritis M, Lee R, Channon K, Antoniades C. Statins as anti-inflammatory agents in atherogenesis: molecular mechanisms and lessons from the recent clinical trials. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18(11):1519-1530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212799504803
43. Koushki K, Shahbaz SK, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Zayeri ZD, Taba MY, Banach M, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: The role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60(2):175-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-020-08791-9
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How to Cite
Behl, D. (2022). In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Stenting. Science Insights, 41(3), 625–630. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.22.re076
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