Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
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Published
Feb 28, 2023
Abstract
The blinding eye condition known as diabetic retinopathy (DR) is preventable and manageable. DR is becoming more common right now, and both prevention and therapy are extremely difficult. However, the precise mechanism of the association between DR and anxiety and depression has not yet been fully elucidated. Recent studies have demonstrated that DR is linked to negative psychology, and research on DR accompanied by anxiety and depression has also made some headway. In addition to offering fresh perspectives on the multi-factor regulation mechanism of DR, early detection and prevention, and bolstering diabetes health management, this paper examines the clinical, mechanism, and influencing aspects of DR and anxiety and depression in recent years.
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Keywords
Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, Anxiety, Depression, Mental Health
References
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6. Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. strategies to tackle the global burden of diabetic retinopathy: From epidemiology to artificial intelligence. Ophthalmologica 2020; 243(1):9-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000502387
7. Lee R, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss. Eye Vis (Lond) 2015; 2:17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-015-0026-2
8. Wong TY, Sabanayagam C. The war on diabetic retinopathy: Where are we now? Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2019; 8(6):448-456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000267
9. Sun XJ, Zhang GH, Guo CM, Zhou ZY, Niu YL, Wang L, Dou GR. Associations between psycho-behavioral risk factors and diabetic retinopathy: NHANES (2005-2018). Front Public Health 2022; 10:966714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.966714
10. Fenwick E, Rees G, Pesudovs K, Dirani M, Kawasaki R, Wong TY, Lamoureux E. Social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 40(1):27-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02599.x
11. Xu L, Chen S, Xu K, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang L, He W. Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among Chinese diabetic retinopathy patients: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17(4):e0267848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267848
12. Carpenter R, DiChiacchio T, Barker K. Interventions for self-management of type 2 diabetes: An integrative review. Int J Nurs Sci 2018; 6(1):70-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.12.002
13. Lanzetta P, Sarao V, Scanlon PH, Barratt J, Porta M, Bandello F, Loewenstein A; Vision Academy. Fundamental principles of an effective diabetic retinopathy screening program. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57(7):785-798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01506-8. Erratum in: Acta Diabetol. 2020.
14. Levis B, Yan XW, He C, Sun Y, Benedetti A, Thombs BD. Comparison of depression prevalence estimates in meta-analyses based on screening tools and rating scales versus diagnostic interviews: A meta-research review. BMC Med 2019; 17(1):65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1297-6
15. Khoo K, Man REK, Rees G, Gupta P, Lamoureux EL, Fenwick EK. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and psychosocial functioning: A systematic review. Qual Life Res 2019; 28(8):2017-2039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02165-1
16. Rees G, Xie J, Fenwick EK, Sturrock BA, Finger R, Rogers SL, Lim L, Lamoureux EL. Association between diabetes-related eye complications and symptoms of anxiety and depression. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016; 134(9):1007-1014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.2213
17. Sharif S, Raza MT, Mushtaq S, Afreen B, Hashmi BA, Ali MH. Frequency of depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with glycemic control and diabetic microvascular complications. Cureus 2019; 11(7):e5145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.5145
18. Xu X, Zhao X, Qian D, Dong Q, Gu Z. Investigating factors associated with depression of type 2 diabetic retinopathy patients in China. PLoS One 2015; 10(7):e0132616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132616
19. Roy MS, Roy A, Affouf M. Depression is a risk factor for poor glycemic control and retinopathy in African-Americans with type 1 diabetes. Psychosom Med 2007; 69(6):537-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180df84e2
20. Sieu N, Katon W, Lin EH, Russo J, Ludman E, Ciechanowski P. Depression and incident diabetic retinopathy: A prospective cohort study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011; 33(5):429-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.05.021
21. Selvin E, Narayan KMV, Huang ES. Quality of care in people with diabetes. In: Cowie CC, Casagrande SS, Menke A, et al., editors. Diabetes in America. 3rd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2018 Aug. CHAPTER 41. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568015/
22. Ting DS, Cheung GC, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy: Global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 44(4):260-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ceo.12696
23. Morjaria R, Alexander I, Purbrick RMJ, Safa R, Chong NV, Wulff K, Foster RG, Downes SM; SOMNUS Study Group. Impact of diabetic retinopathy on sleep, mood, and quality of life. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60(6):2304-2310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-26108. Erratum in: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60(10):3421.
24. Fenwick E, Rees G, Pesudovs K, Dirani M, Kawasaki R, Wong TY, Lamoureux E. Social and emotional impact of diabetic retinopathy: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 40(1):27-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02599.x
25. Wilcox G. Insulin and insulin resistance. Clin Biochem Rev 2005; 26(2):19-39.
26. Spinelli M, Fusco S, Grassi C. Brain insulin resistance and hippocampal plasticity: Mechanisms and biomarkers of cognitive decline. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00788
27. Boucher J, Kleinridders A, Kahn CR. Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6(1):a009191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a009191
28. Yuan T, Yang T, Chen H, Fu D, Hu Y, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yu H, Xu W, Xie X. New insights into oxidative stress and inflammation during diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2019; 20:247-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.025
29. Horal M, Zhang Z, Stanton R, Virkamäki A, Loeken MR. Activation of the hexosamine pathway causes oxidative stress and abnormal embryo gene expression: Involvement in diabetic teratogenesis. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004; 70(8):519-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.20056
30. Singh A, Kukreti R, Saso L, Kukreti S. Mechanistic insight into oxidative stress-triggered signaling pathways and type 2 diabetes. Molecules 2022; 27(3):950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950
31. Abcouwer SF. Angiogenic factors and cytokines in diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Cell Immunol 2013; Suppl 1(11):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9899
32. Thau L, Gandhi J, Sharma S. Physiology, Cortisol. [Updated 2022 Aug 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538239/
33. Joseph JJ, Golden SH. Cortisol dysregulation: The bidirectional link between stress, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1391(1):20-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13217
34. Xu W, Yao X, Zhao F, Zhao H, Cheng Z, Yang W, Cui R, Xu S, Li B. Changes in hippocampal plasticity in depression and therapeutic approaches influencing these changes. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8861903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861903
35. Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry 2022; 12(1):77-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77
36. Clapp M, Aurora N, Herrera L, Bhatia M, Wilen E, Wakefield S. Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin Pract 2017; 7(4):987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/cp.2017.987
37. Xu Y, Zhou H, Zhu Q. The Impact of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis on Diabetic Cognition Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00106
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How to Cite
Ortiz, J. E. (2023). Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Science Insights, 42(2), 819–825. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re129
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