A Review of Inclusive Education Development in China
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Published
May 25, 2024
Abstract
In recent decades, the special educational needs of children with disabilities have garnered widespread attention across the globe. There has been a growing trend towards inclusive education. China, among many other nations, has endeavored to promote inclusive education through legislation, policy, and financial support. This article is a review of inclusive education development in China, with a view to summarizing Chinese experiences in this regard to contribute to the construction of a more inclusive, equitable, and higher-quality education system.
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Keywords
Inclusive Education, Inclusive Class, Special Education Student, Special Educational Needs, China
References
Chen, B. (2022). The Implementation of the “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Policy in Compulsory Education Schools in Rural Areas (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2022.001228
China Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2007). Implementation Plans for Compulsory Education of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities in the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/ztzl/61/content_627743.htm
China Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2011). The Outline of the Development Plan for the Welfare of Persons with Disabilities in China’s 12th Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.cdpf.org.cn/zwgk/ghjh/cjrsyfzgh/sew/aea76129c12a4d949231e08977982af4.htm
China Education and Research Computer Network. (2001). Discussions on Inclusive Education Development at the Fifth International Conference on Special Education. Available at: https://www.edu.cn/edu/te_shu/jiao_xue/200603/t20060323_13481.shtml
Duan, B., Wang, X., & Gao, L. (2022). Introduction to Education Laws and Regulations. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787305251757001&type=book
Fan, L. (2021). Leave No One Behind: Policies on the Equalization of Public Services for Children with Disabilities at the Compulsory Education Level (doctoral dissertation). Northeastern Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27011/d.cnki.gdbsu.2021.001648
Hu, J. (2023). A Case Study of the Professional Development of Specialist Teachers in Special Education Schools (master’s thesis). Yangzhou University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27441/d.cnki.gyzdu.2023.000145
Jiang, C. (2019). The Population with Disabilities in the New Era and its Challenges. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787508097503000&type=book
Jing, S. & Deng, M. (2013). The practice of inclusive education in the UK: Coordinators for special needs education. Study and Practice, 2013(6):7.
Lan, X. (2023). Attitudes of In-service Preschool Teachers towards Inclusive Preschool Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2023.003369
Li, G. (2024). A historical perspective of Chinese paths to modernization. Leadership Science, 2024(1):4-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19572/j.cnki.ldkx.2024.01.016
Li, H. (2019). Practical strategies for inclusive education in ordinary primary schools. Good Days, 2019(12):1. Available at: https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_wedding-day_thesis/0201282332231.html
Li, Y. (2023). The Implementation of Policies on Inclusive Preschool Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2023.001464
Liu, P. (2021). The State’s Obligations in Ensuring the Right to Education of Persons with Disabilities: Theories and Practice. Beijing: China Democracy and Legislation Publishing House. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787516221945000&type=book
Lu, F. (2020). Inclusive education for special and ordinary children. Happy Family, 2020(4):22. Available at: https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_happy-family_thesis/0201281560099.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2003). The Notice on Issuing the Minutes of the National Conference on Experience Concerning the Implementation of “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Program. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3331/200302/t20030209_82026.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2007). The Plan for the Construction of Special Education Schools in Central and Western Regions in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (2008-2010). Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A03/s7050/201410/t20141021_178468.html
Ministry of Finance of China. (2008). The notice of the Ministries of Finance and Education on circulating the “Measures for Managing Central Subsidy Funds Specialized for Ethnic Minority Education and Special Education (2006).” Available at: http://www.mof.gov.cn/gkml/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2007/caizhengbuwengao20073/200805/t20080519_26208.htm
Ministry of Education of China. (2009). Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Special Education. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/201410/t20141021_180368.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2016). Compulsory Education Curriculum Standards for the “Three-category Special Education” for the Blind, Deaf, and Mentally Retarded Children and Adolescents. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201612/t20161213_291720.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2017). The Plan for Upgrading Special Education (2017-2020). Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3331/201707/t20170720_309687.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2020). Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Implementation of the ‘Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools’ Program for Compulsory Education of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: Help this special group achieve social integration by receiving inclusive education. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202006/t20200629_468983.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2021). Preferential policy, funding, and projects for special education: The enrollment rate of disabled children at the compulsory education level in China exceeds 95%. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202109/t20210927_567367.html
National Education Commission of China. (1994). Measures for Implementing the “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Initiative (Trial). Available at: http://www.bjchy.gov.cn/affair/zfyj/law/16129.htm
NPC.cn. (2012, August 30). Report of the Judicial Committee for Internal Affairs of the National People’s Congress on the Evaluation of the People with Disabilities Act of China. Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc//xinwen/2012-08/30/content_1735375.htm
Pang, W. (2020). Inclusive education in China since the reform and opening up: A review, reflections, and prospects. Disability Research, 2020(4):51-60. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=N5T8oFSaxGEyBJJe45FvSGtBBPWKp-TlQBpkGgr1aOeWdKHqW87i0JisTQdcMWlNGgRg6paH5EWBwMFwWs9YAW51DGFPow02tUnBxnlx5WmMAEL0mrGV-NTS2b1zhc9CxfWFBDE4i98=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Pang, W. & Zhang, S. (2018). The evolution of China’s social security system for persons with disabilities (1978-2017). Disability Research, 2018(2):3-13. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=N5T8oFSaxGHLNSfuSweIV0FV_cQ1zUP_c-SNS21ubfdXSzqUmdBDrao04huOM1hexAN3zmtBnEDtbeM8p4257UYK8BUvMI1g_XiW8ziZUjdsgUndjPJDM4cwDx8rexGcHkwitW-Y=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Peng, L. (2023). A Case Study of Inclusive Education for Children with Mild Autism at H Kindergarten in Guangzhou City (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/d.cnki.ggxsu.2023.002218
Rjzone. cn. (2022). An analysis of the current state of special education development in China. Available at: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/485685558
Shenzhen Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2004). The Outline of the Plan for the Work on Persons with Disabilities in China during the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period (1991-1995). Available at: http://www.cjr.org.cn/info/laws/syfz/content/post_161590.html
State Council of China. (2006). The Compulsory Education Law of China (2006). Available at: https://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2006-06/30/content_323302.htm
State Council of China. (2008). The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on China’s Accession to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-06/26/content_1028857.htm
State Council of China. (2014). The Plan for Upgrading Special Education (2014-2016). Available at: https://www.gov.cn/xxgk/pub/govpublic/mrlm/201401/t20140118_66612.html
State Council of China. (2016). The Outline of the Plan for Supporting the Disabled in Building a Well-off Life in the 13th Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-08/17/content_5100132.htm
State Council of China. (2017). Regulations on Education of Persons with Disabilities. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/23/content_5170264.htm
State Council of China’s Information Office. (2020). Equality, Participation, and Sharing: White Paper on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in New China over the Past 70 Years. Available at: http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/32832/Document/1660476/1660476.htm
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098427
Wang, Y. (2020). Report on the Development of Special Education Teachers in China. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Publishing Group. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787303259571000&type=book
Wang, Y. (2022). The Implementation of the “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Policy in Children with Disabilities at the Compulsory Education Level in Shanghai (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2022.004981
Xie, Y. & Lin, Q. (2024). High-quality development of inclusive education in China: implications, challenges, and countermeasures. Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2024(1):130-137+206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13734/j.cnki.1000-5315.2024.0502
Yang, Y. (2021). Special Education Development in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Period of the Republic of China (1874-1949) (doctoral dissertation). Northeastern Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27011/d.cnki.gdbsu.2021.000049
Yao, Y. (2023). Shining a Spotlight on the Lonely Stars (master’s thesis). Shanghai Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27312/d.cnki.gshsu.2023.001983
Zhang, F. (2022). The Implementation of Pilot Policies for Inclusive Higher Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2022.001104
Zhang, J. & Fan, L. (2019). An Overview of the Cause of the Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787305216343000&type=book
Zhang, W. & Ding, P. (2022). Research on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787307234505000&type=book
Zhang, Y. (2022). Quantitative mechanisms for guaranteeing the right to education of persons with disabilities in China (master’s thesis). Guangzhou University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27040/d.cnki.ggzdu.2022.000969
Zhao, Z. (2023). The Development of an Evaluation Index Framework for Measuring the Education Quality of Inclusive Classes (master’s thesis). Tianjin Institute of Physical Education. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27364/d.cnki.gttyy.2023.000195
Zhou, L. (2023). From Midnight to Dawn: Inclusive Education for College Students with Disabilities (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27036/d.cnki.ggxsu.2023.001932
Zhu, Y. (2023). Obstacles to the Implementation of Special Education Policies and Underlying Causes (doctoral dissertation). Jilin University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2023.007737
China Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2007). Implementation Plans for Compulsory Education of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities in the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/ztzl/61/content_627743.htm
China Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2011). The Outline of the Development Plan for the Welfare of Persons with Disabilities in China’s 12th Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.cdpf.org.cn/zwgk/ghjh/cjrsyfzgh/sew/aea76129c12a4d949231e08977982af4.htm
China Education and Research Computer Network. (2001). Discussions on Inclusive Education Development at the Fifth International Conference on Special Education. Available at: https://www.edu.cn/edu/te_shu/jiao_xue/200603/t20060323_13481.shtml
Duan, B., Wang, X., & Gao, L. (2022). Introduction to Education Laws and Regulations. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787305251757001&type=book
Fan, L. (2021). Leave No One Behind: Policies on the Equalization of Public Services for Children with Disabilities at the Compulsory Education Level (doctoral dissertation). Northeastern Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27011/d.cnki.gdbsu.2021.001648
Hu, J. (2023). A Case Study of the Professional Development of Specialist Teachers in Special Education Schools (master’s thesis). Yangzhou University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27441/d.cnki.gyzdu.2023.000145
Jiang, C. (2019). The Population with Disabilities in the New Era and its Challenges. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787508097503000&type=book
Jing, S. & Deng, M. (2013). The practice of inclusive education in the UK: Coordinators for special needs education. Study and Practice, 2013(6):7.
Lan, X. (2023). Attitudes of In-service Preschool Teachers towards Inclusive Preschool Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2023.003369
Li, G. (2024). A historical perspective of Chinese paths to modernization. Leadership Science, 2024(1):4-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19572/j.cnki.ldkx.2024.01.016
Li, H. (2019). Practical strategies for inclusive education in ordinary primary schools. Good Days, 2019(12):1. Available at: https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_wedding-day_thesis/0201282332231.html
Li, Y. (2023). The Implementation of Policies on Inclusive Preschool Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2023.001464
Liu, P. (2021). The State’s Obligations in Ensuring the Right to Education of Persons with Disabilities: Theories and Practice. Beijing: China Democracy and Legislation Publishing House. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787516221945000&type=book
Lu, F. (2020). Inclusive education for special and ordinary children. Happy Family, 2020(4):22. Available at: https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_happy-family_thesis/0201281560099.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2003). The Notice on Issuing the Minutes of the National Conference on Experience Concerning the Implementation of “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Program. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3331/200302/t20030209_82026.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2007). The Plan for the Construction of Special Education Schools in Central and Western Regions in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (2008-2010). Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A03/s7050/201410/t20141021_178468.html
Ministry of Finance of China. (2008). The notice of the Ministries of Finance and Education on circulating the “Measures for Managing Central Subsidy Funds Specialized for Ethnic Minority Education and Special Education (2006).” Available at: http://www.mof.gov.cn/gkml/caizhengwengao/caizhengbuwengao2007/caizhengbuwengao20073/200805/t20080519_26208.htm
Ministry of Education of China. (2009). Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Special Education. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1778/201410/t20141021_180368.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2016). Compulsory Education Curriculum Standards for the “Three-category Special Education” for the Blind, Deaf, and Mentally Retarded Children and Adolescents. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201612/t20161213_291720.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2017). The Plan for Upgrading Special Education (2017-2020). Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3331/201707/t20170720_309687.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2020). Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Implementation of the ‘Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools’ Program for Compulsory Education of Children and Adolescents with Disabilities: Help this special group achieve social integration by receiving inclusive education. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202006/t20200629_468983.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2021). Preferential policy, funding, and projects for special education: The enrollment rate of disabled children at the compulsory education level in China exceeds 95%. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202109/t20210927_567367.html
National Education Commission of China. (1994). Measures for Implementing the “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Initiative (Trial). Available at: http://www.bjchy.gov.cn/affair/zfyj/law/16129.htm
NPC.cn. (2012, August 30). Report of the Judicial Committee for Internal Affairs of the National People’s Congress on the Evaluation of the People with Disabilities Act of China. Available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/npc//xinwen/2012-08/30/content_1735375.htm
Pang, W. (2020). Inclusive education in China since the reform and opening up: A review, reflections, and prospects. Disability Research, 2020(4):51-60. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=N5T8oFSaxGEyBJJe45FvSGtBBPWKp-TlQBpkGgr1aOeWdKHqW87i0JisTQdcMWlNGgRg6paH5EWBwMFwWs9YAW51DGFPow02tUnBxnlx5WmMAEL0mrGV-NTS2b1zhc9CxfWFBDE4i98=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Pang, W. & Zhang, S. (2018). The evolution of China’s social security system for persons with disabilities (1978-2017). Disability Research, 2018(2):3-13. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=N5T8oFSaxGHLNSfuSweIV0FV_cQ1zUP_c-SNS21ubfdXSzqUmdBDrao04huOM1hexAN3zmtBnEDtbeM8p4257UYK8BUvMI1g_XiW8ziZUjdsgUndjPJDM4cwDx8rexGcHkwitW-Y=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Peng, L. (2023). A Case Study of Inclusive Education for Children with Mild Autism at H Kindergarten in Guangzhou City (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27036/d.cnki.ggxsu.2023.002218
Rjzone. cn. (2022). An analysis of the current state of special education development in China. Available at: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/485685558
Shenzhen Disabled Persons’ Federation. (2004). The Outline of the Plan for the Work on Persons with Disabilities in China during the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period (1991-1995). Available at: http://www.cjr.org.cn/info/laws/syfz/content/post_161590.html
State Council of China. (2006). The Compulsory Education Law of China (2006). Available at: https://www.gov.cn/ziliao/flfg/2006-06/30/content_323302.htm
State Council of China. (2008). The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on China’s Accession to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-06/26/content_1028857.htm
State Council of China. (2014). The Plan for Upgrading Special Education (2014-2016). Available at: https://www.gov.cn/xxgk/pub/govpublic/mrlm/201401/t20140118_66612.html
State Council of China. (2016). The Outline of the Plan for Supporting the Disabled in Building a Well-off Life in the 13th Five-Year Plan Period. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-08/17/content_5100132.htm
State Council of China. (2017). Regulations on Education of Persons with Disabilities. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/23/content_5170264.htm
State Council of China’s Information Office. (2020). Equality, Participation, and Sharing: White Paper on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities in New China over the Past 70 Years. Available at: http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/32832/Document/1660476/1660476.htm
UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000098427
Wang, Y. (2020). Report on the Development of Special Education Teachers in China. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Publishing Group. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787303259571000&type=book
Wang, Y. (2022). The Implementation of the “Inclusive Classes within Regular Schools” Policy in Children with Disabilities at the Compulsory Education Level in Shanghai (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2022.004981
Xie, Y. & Lin, Q. (2024). High-quality development of inclusive education in China: implications, challenges, and countermeasures. Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2024(1):130-137+206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13734/j.cnki.1000-5315.2024.0502
Yang, Y. (2021). Special Education Development in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Period of the Republic of China (1874-1949) (doctoral dissertation). Northeastern Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27011/d.cnki.gdbsu.2021.000049
Yao, Y. (2023). Shining a Spotlight on the Lonely Stars (master’s thesis). Shanghai Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27312/d.cnki.gshsu.2023.001983
Zhang, F. (2022). The Implementation of Pilot Policies for Inclusive Higher Education (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2022.001104
Zhang, J. & Fan, L. (2019). An Overview of the Cause of the Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787305216343000&type=book
Zhang, W. & Ding, P. (2022). Research on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press. Available at: https://thinker.cnki.net/bookstore/book/bookdetail?bookcode=9787307234505000&type=book
Zhang, Y. (2022). Quantitative mechanisms for guaranteeing the right to education of persons with disabilities in China (master’s thesis). Guangzhou University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27040/d.cnki.ggzdu.2022.000969
Zhao, Z. (2023). The Development of an Evaluation Index Framework for Measuring the Education Quality of Inclusive Classes (master’s thesis). Tianjin Institute of Physical Education. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27364/d.cnki.gttyy.2023.000195
Zhou, L. (2023). From Midnight to Dawn: Inclusive Education for College Students with Disabilities (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27036/d.cnki.ggxsu.2023.001932
Zhu, Y. (2023). Obstacles to the Implementation of Special Education Policies and Underlying Causes (doctoral dissertation). Jilin University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27162/d.cnki.gjlin.2023.007737
How to Cite
Du, J. (2024). A Review of Inclusive Education Development in China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 22(1), 3545–3557. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.24.re366
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Review
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