Essential Elements of Principal Leadership: A Literature Review of the Leadership Qualities of Primary and Secondary Principals
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Published
Aug 29, 2024
Abstract
Amidst ongoing educational reform around the world, the leadership qualities of primary and secondary principals have captured the increased interest of researchers. This article aims to explore the essential components of principal leadership by conducting a literature review of relevant research both in China and other countries. The survey finds that despite the variations in the definitions of principal leadership in different regions and at different times, there are still certain shared key elements in them. It summarizes the core qualities of principal leadership at the basic education level in terms of personal traits, the capacity to influence people, and the ability to make sustainable organizational improvements.
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Keywords
Principal Leadership, Leadership Qualities, Primary and Secondary Principals, Literature Review
References
(The Studies included in the literature review are marked with asterisks)
Ahmad, M. S. bin, Ahmad, R., & Ramli, F. Z. A. (2023). Needs Analysis Review: Constructs of Integrated Principal Leadership Model and Counselling Approach. Available at: http://www.gjat.my/gjat2023-Jul/5.pdf
*Ai, X. & Zhao, R. (2019). Integrating traditional Chinese educational management culture into principal leadership. Journal of Teaching and Management, 2019(15):42-45.
*Aldighrir, W. M. (2024). Psychometric Properties of the Principal Instructional Leadership Scale (PILS) in Saudi Arabia. Acta Psychologica, 246:104262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104262
*Antoniou, P., & Lu, M. (2018). Evaluating the measuring properties of the principal instructional management rating scale in the Chinese educational system: Implications for measuring school leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(4):624-641. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217700282
*Arar, K., Sawalhi, R., & Yilmaz, M. (2022). The research on Islamic-based educational leadership since 1990: An international review of empirical evidence and a future research agenda. Religions, 13(1):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010042
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA.: Mind Garden.
*Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2):207-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207
*Berkovich, I. & Hassan, T. (2023). Principals’ digital transformational leadership, teachers’ commitment, and school effectiveness. Education Inquiry, 2023:1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2023.2173705
*Buffone, P. (2021). Agility: An essential element of leadership for an evolving educational landscape. Facets, 6(1):1610-1620. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0085
*Cao, P. (2023). Restructuring principal leadership in the context of the digital transformation of education. School Administration, 2023(1):9-12.
*Chen, D. & Yang, X. (2020). Features of outstanding principals in the United States: An analysis based on data of winners of “Terrel Howard Bell Leadership Award of the Year 2018.” International and Comparative Education, 2020(3):59-65+82.
*Cheng, X. & Zhang, S. (2023). Principal leadership improvement under the Double Reduction Policy. Hubei Social Sciences, 2023(3):149-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13660/j.cnki.42-1112/c.016063
*Da’as, R. A. (2017). School principals’ leadership skills: Measurement equivalence across cultures. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47(2):207-222. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2016.1210504
*Dai, R. & Wan, H. (2011). The role of principal leadership in teachers’ career development. Teacher Education Research, 23(5):27-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13445/j.cnki.te.r.2011.05.004
*Daniëls, E., Hondeghem, A., & Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational Research Review, 27(3):110-125. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.003
*Dou, G. (2007). Crucial leadership skills for modern principals. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, 2007(9):48-50.
*Emmanuel, S., & Valley, C. A. (2022). A qualitative case study of exemplary principal leadership in the United States Virgin Islands: an application of Kouzes and Posner’s five practices of exemplary leadership. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 17(3):243-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775121990054
*Geiger, V., Beswick, K., Fraser, S., & Holland-Twining, B. (2023). A model for principals’ STEM leadership capability. British Educational Research Journal, 49(5):900-924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3873
*Gkolia, A., Tsigilis, N., Evangelou, M., & Koustelios, A. (2022). Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Principal Leadership Questionnaire in Greek Educational Context. Psychological Reports, 125(4):2292-2311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211009130
*Goldring, E., Cravens, X. C., Murphy, J., Porter, A. C., Elliott, S. N., & Carson, B. (2009). The evaluation of principals: What and how do states and urban districts assess leadership? The Elementary School Journal, 110(1):19-39. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1086/598841
*Grissom, J. A., & Loeb, S. (2011). Triangulating Principal Effectiveness: How Perspectives of Parents, Teachers, and Assistant Principals Identify the Central Importance of Managerial Skills. American Educational Research Journal, 48(5):1091-1123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831211402663
*Guo, X. (2022). The four chief dimensions of principal leadership. Theory and Practice of Education, 2022(14):20-22.
Hallinger, P., Gümüş, S., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). ‘Are principals instructional leaders yet?’ A science map of the knowledge base on instructional leadership, 1940-2018. Scientometrics, 122(3):1629-1650. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03360-5
*Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2):217-247. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1086/461445
He, P., Guo, F., & Abazie, G. A. (2024). School principals’ instructional leadership as a predictor of teacher’s professional development. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 9(1):63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00290-0
*Higgs, M. and Rowland, D. (2000). Building Change Leadership Capability: The Quest for Change Competence. Journal of Change Management, 1(2):116-130. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/714042459
*Hu, T. (2022). Leadership models and characteristics of successful principals: Using ISSPP as an example. Studies in Foreign Education, 2022(9):64-83.
Karadağ, E., Bektaş, F., Çoğaltay, N., & Yalçın, M. (2015). The effect of educational leadership on students’ achievement: A meta-analysis study. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(1):79-93. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-015-9357-x
*Kharbat, N. F. & AlSoud, R. (2019). The engage model: A proposed educational administrative model of change leadership for school leaders. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 9(1):7-22.
*Kramer, M. (2023). More than a principal: Ubuntu at the heart of successful school leadership in the Western Cape. South African Journal of Education, 43(3):1-10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v43n3a2168
*Kutz, M. R. (2008). Toward a conceptual model of contextual intelligence: A transferable leadership construct. Leadership Review, 8(2):18-31.
*Lai, H.-C., & Lien, H.-Y. (2023). Instructional leadership scale for high school principals: Development and validation. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231177531
*Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(4):498-518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X94030004006
*Leithwood, K. (2005). Understanding successful principal leadership: Progress on a broken front. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(6):619-629. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625719
*Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2):112-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230010320064.
*Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 28(1):1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430701800060
*Li, X., Li, W., & Lu, N. (2012). Principal leadership effective in promoting teacher development: A case study of two junior secondary principals. Research in Educational Development, 2012(4):70-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2012.04.017
*Liu, L. (2023). Enhancing principal leadership in the new era: Significance and Paths. School Administration, 2023(3):13-16.
*Liu, Y. (2023). Being a role model, guidance, and concern: Three essential elements of principal leadership in the new era. School Administration, 2023(3):21-24.
*Mohd Yusoff, S., & Tengku Ariffin, T. F. (2023). Development and validation of contextual leadership instrument for principals in Malaysian school context (MyCLIPS). Leadership and Policy in Schools, 22(2):402-417. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2021.1971259
Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(2):154-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.005
*Musthan, Z. (2019). An Effective Leadership Model for Madrasah Principals in Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(1):133-147.
*Neyişci, N. İ. L. A. Y., & SARI, B. (2023). Digital Leadership in Educational Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(4):516-523. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16986/huje.2022.463
*Noman, M., Awang Hashim, R., & Shaik Abdullah, S. (2017). Principal’s coalition building and personal traits brings success to a struggling school in Malaysia. Qualitative Report, 22(10):2652-2672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2017.2748
*Noman, M., Awang Hashim, R., & Shaik Abdullah, S. (2018). Contextual leadership practices: The case of a successful school principal in Malaysia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3):474-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143216665840
*Rayner, S. (2009). Educational diversity and learning leadership: A proposition, some principles and a model of inclusive leadership. Educational Review, 61(4):433-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910903404004
*Sergiovanni, T. (1984). Leadership and excellence in schooling. Educational Leadership, 41(5):4-13.
*Shen, W. (2018). Principal leadership in the context of urbanization: A study based on spatial sociology. Research in Educational Development, 38(18):45-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2018.18.009
*Shen, W. & Sun, Y. (2014). Principal leadership in the context of educational accountability: Connotations, a structural framework, and development. Teacher Education Research, 2014(05):81-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13445/j.cnki.te.r.2014.05.014
*Sun, M. (2012). Basic elements of principal leadership. Educational Research and Experiment, 2012(6):54-57.
*Veletić, J., Price, H. E., & Olsen, R. V. (2023). Teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of school climate: the role of principals’ leadership style in organizational quality. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 35(4):525-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-023-09413-6
Walker, A. & Hallinger, P. (2015). A synthesis of reviews of research on principal leadership in East Asia. Journal of Educational Administration, 53(4):554-570. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-05-2015-0038
*Wang, J. C. K., Liu, W. C., Kee, Y. H., Ng, B., Chua, L., & Hu, L. (2023). Measuring educational leadership in Singapore: re-examining the psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 14:1280038.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1280038
Wang, X. (2015). A survey of principal leadership styles in Western teacher professional learning communities. Modern Education Management, 2015(10):103-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16697/j.cnki.xdjygl.2015.10.018
*Wang, Y. (2011). Enhancing the leadership of primary and secondary principals. Fujian Forum (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2011(S1):139-140.
*Xu, J. (2012). Professional development and leadership building of Australian primary and secondary principals. Academic Exploration, 2012(2):163-166.
*Xu, J. & Zhu, Y. (2019). Professional preparation and development of future principals: Findings and implications based on TALIS 2018 Shanghai data. Global Education, 48(9):101-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-9670.2019.09.009
Yan, W. (2022). A review of Western principal leadership: Theory, model, and implications. Journal of National Academy of Education Administration, 2022(4):78-87.
*Yang, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, X. (2023). Leadership of rural small-scale school principals. School Administration, 2023(8):44-48.
*Ying, P. (2009). The role of principal leadership in school development: With a discussion on misconceptions of principal leadership. Educational Science Research, 2009(12):28-31.
*Zeinabadi, H. (2023). Breaking down the walls of weak knowledge-sharing among Iranian teachers: Investigating a less-considered leadership role of principals. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1):176-197.
*Zhang, L. (2013). Exploration of issues with primary and secondary principal leadership from the perspective of professionalism. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, 2013(6):45-48.
*Zhang, S. (2007). Principal leadership: Background, connotations, and practices. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, 2007(9):42-47+54.
*Zhang, S. (2009). Principal leadership from the perspective of complexity science. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, 2009(10):26-29.
*Zhang, X. (2023). Reflections on principal leadership in the era of change. School Administration, 2023(3):9-12.
*Zhang, X., Tong, L., & Xia, G. (2014). Leadership evaluation methods for Australian primary and secondary principals. Studies in Foreign Education, 2014(12):77-87.
*Zhao, D. & Zhou, Y. (2017). Leadership of Chinese principals: An analysis based on data from PISA2015 questionnaire survey of principals from four provincial administrative regions of China. School Administration, 2017(10):5-8.
*Zhao, D., Zhou, Z. & Luo, N. (2014). What kind of principal leadership is needed for the high-quality development of education. School Administration, 2014(1):9-13.
*Zhao, M. (2009). On principal leadership. Educational Science Research, 2009(1):40-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-718X.2009.01.009
Zheng, Q., Li, L., Chen, H., & Loeb, S. (2017). What Aspects of Principal Leadership Are Most Highly Correlated with School Outcomes in China? Educational Administration Quarterly, 53(3):409-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X17706152
*Zhou, Q., Kang, X., Zhang, L., & Liang, K. (2023). Leadership of contemporary Chinese primary and secondary principals. China Educational Technology, 2023(6):75-82.
Ahmad, M. S. bin, Ahmad, R., & Ramli, F. Z. A. (2023). Needs Analysis Review: Constructs of Integrated Principal Leadership Model and Counselling Approach. Available at: http://www.gjat.my/gjat2023-Jul/5.pdf
*Ai, X. & Zhao, R. (2019). Integrating traditional Chinese educational management culture into principal leadership. Journal of Teaching and Management, 2019(15):42-45.
*Aldighrir, W. M. (2024). Psychometric Properties of the Principal Instructional Leadership Scale (PILS) in Saudi Arabia. Acta Psychologica, 246:104262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104262
*Antoniou, P., & Lu, M. (2018). Evaluating the measuring properties of the principal instructional management rating scale in the Chinese educational system: Implications for measuring school leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(4):624-641. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217700282
*Arar, K., Sawalhi, R., & Yilmaz, M. (2022). The research on Islamic-based educational leadership since 1990: An international review of empirical evidence and a future research agenda. Religions, 13(1):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010042
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA.: Mind Garden.
*Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2):207-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207
*Berkovich, I. & Hassan, T. (2023). Principals’ digital transformational leadership, teachers’ commitment, and school effectiveness. Education Inquiry, 2023:1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2023.2173705
*Buffone, P. (2021). Agility: An essential element of leadership for an evolving educational landscape. Facets, 6(1):1610-1620. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0085
*Cao, P. (2023). Restructuring principal leadership in the context of the digital transformation of education. School Administration, 2023(1):9-12.
*Chen, D. & Yang, X. (2020). Features of outstanding principals in the United States: An analysis based on data of winners of “Terrel Howard Bell Leadership Award of the Year 2018.” International and Comparative Education, 2020(3):59-65+82.
*Cheng, X. & Zhang, S. (2023). Principal leadership improvement under the Double Reduction Policy. Hubei Social Sciences, 2023(3):149-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13660/j.cnki.42-1112/c.016063
*Da’as, R. A. (2017). School principals’ leadership skills: Measurement equivalence across cultures. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47(2):207-222. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2016.1210504
*Dai, R. & Wan, H. (2011). The role of principal leadership in teachers’ career development. Teacher Education Research, 23(5):27-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13445/j.cnki.te.r.2011.05.004
*Daniëls, E., Hondeghem, A., & Dochy, F. (2019). A review on leadership and leadership development in educational settings. Educational Research Review, 27(3):110-125. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.003
*Dou, G. (2007). Crucial leadership skills for modern principals. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education, 2007(9):48-50.
*Emmanuel, S., & Valley, C. A. (2022). A qualitative case study of exemplary principal leadership in the United States Virgin Islands: an application of Kouzes and Posner’s five practices of exemplary leadership. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 17(3):243-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775121990054
*Geiger, V., Beswick, K., Fraser, S., & Holland-Twining, B. (2023). A model for principals’ STEM leadership capability. British Educational Research Journal, 49(5):900-924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3873
*Gkolia, A., Tsigilis, N., Evangelou, M., & Koustelios, A. (2022). Factorial Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Principal Leadership Questionnaire in Greek Educational Context. Psychological Reports, 125(4):2292-2311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211009130
*Goldring, E., Cravens, X. C., Murphy, J., Porter, A. C., Elliott, S. N., & Carson, B. (2009). The evaluation of principals: What and how do states and urban districts assess leadership? The Elementary School Journal, 110(1):19-39. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1086/598841
*Grissom, J. A., & Loeb, S. (2011). Triangulating Principal Effectiveness: How Perspectives of Parents, Teachers, and Assistant Principals Identify the Central Importance of Managerial Skills. American Educational Research Journal, 48(5):1091-1123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831211402663
*Guo, X. (2022). The four chief dimensions of principal leadership. Theory and Practice of Education, 2022(14):20-22.
Hallinger, P., Gümüş, S., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). ‘Are principals instructional leaders yet?’ A science map of the knowledge base on instructional leadership, 1940-2018. Scientometrics, 122(3):1629-1650. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03360-5
*Hallinger, P., & Murphy, J. (1985). Assessing the instructional management behavior of principals. The Elementary School Journal, 86(2):217-247. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1086/461445
He, P., Guo, F., & Abazie, G. A. (2024). School principals’ instructional leadership as a predictor of teacher’s professional development. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 9(1):63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-024-00290-0
*Higgs, M. and Rowland, D. (2000). Building Change Leadership Capability: The Quest for Change Competence. Journal of Change Management, 1(2):116-130. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/714042459
*Hu, T. (2022). Leadership models and characteristics of successful principals: Using ISSPP as an example. Studies in Foreign Education, 2022(9):64-83.
Karadağ, E., Bektaş, F., Çoğaltay, N., & Yalçın, M. (2015). The effect of educational leadership on students’ achievement: A meta-analysis study. Asia Pacific Education Review, 16(1):79-93. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-015-9357-x
*Kharbat, N. F. & AlSoud, R. (2019). The engage model: A proposed educational administrative model of change leadership for school leaders. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, 9(1):7-22.
*Kramer, M. (2023). More than a principal: Ubuntu at the heart of successful school leadership in the Western Cape. South African Journal of Education, 43(3):1-10. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v43n3a2168
*Kutz, M. R. (2008). Toward a conceptual model of contextual intelligence: A transferable leadership construct. Leadership Review, 8(2):18-31.
*Lai, H.-C., & Lien, H.-Y. (2023). Instructional leadership scale for high school principals: Development and validation. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 0(0). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231177531
*Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration Quarterly, 30(4):498-518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X94030004006
*Leithwood, K. (2005). Understanding successful principal leadership: Progress on a broken front. Journal of Educational Administration, 43(6):619-629. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1108/09578230510625719
*Leithwood, K. & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2):112-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230010320064.
*Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2020). Seven strong claims about successful school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 28(1):1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430701800060
*Li, X., Li, W., & Lu, N. (2012). Principal leadership effective in promoting teacher development: A case study of two junior secondary principals. Research in Educational Development, 2012(4):70-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2012.04.017
*Liu, L. (2023). Enhancing principal leadership in the new era: Significance and Paths. School Administration, 2023(3):13-16.
*Liu, Y. (2023). Being a role model, guidance, and concern: Three essential elements of principal leadership in the new era. School Administration, 2023(3):21-24.
*Mohd Yusoff, S., & Tengku Ariffin, T. F. (2023). Development and validation of contextual leadership instrument for principals in Malaysian school context (MyCLIPS). Leadership and Policy in Schools, 22(2):402-417. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2021.1971259
Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirements across organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(2):154-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.005
*Musthan, Z. (2019). An Effective Leadership Model for Madrasah Principals in Indonesia. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 27(1):133-147.
*Neyişci, N. İ. L. A. Y., & SARI, B. (2023). Digital Leadership in Educational Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(4):516-523. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16986/huje.2022.463
*Noman, M., Awang Hashim, R., & Shaik Abdullah, S. (2017). Principal’s coalition building and personal traits brings success to a struggling school in Malaysia. Qualitative Report, 22(10):2652-2672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2017.2748
*Noman, M., Awang Hashim, R., & Shaik Abdullah, S. (2018). Contextual leadership practices: The case of a successful school principal in Malaysia. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3):474-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143216665840
*Rayner, S. (2009). Educational diversity and learning leadership: A proposition, some principles and a model of inclusive leadership. Educational Review, 61(4):433-447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910903404004
*Sergiovanni, T. (1984). Leadership and excellence in schooling. Educational Leadership, 41(5):4-13.
*Shen, W. (2018). Principal leadership in the context of urbanization: A study based on spatial sociology. Research in Educational Development, 38(18):45-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2018.18.009
*Shen, W. & Sun, Y. (2014). Principal leadership in the context of educational accountability: Connotations, a structural framework, and development. Teacher Education Research, 2014(05):81-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13445/j.cnki.te.r.2014.05.014
*Sun, M. (2012). Basic elements of principal leadership. Educational Research and Experiment, 2012(6):54-57.
*Veletić, J., Price, H. E., & Olsen, R. V. (2023). Teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of school climate: the role of principals’ leadership style in organizational quality. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 35(4):525-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-023-09413-6
Walker, A. & Hallinger, P. (2015). A synthesis of reviews of research on principal leadership in East Asia. Journal of Educational Administration, 53(4):554-570. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-05-2015-0038
*Wang, J. C. K., Liu, W. C., Kee, Y. H., Ng, B., Chua, L., & Hu, L. (2023). Measuring educational leadership in Singapore: re-examining the psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 14:1280038.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1280038
Wang, X. (2015). A survey of principal leadership styles in Western teacher professional learning communities. Modern Education Management, 2015(10):103-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16697/j.cnki.xdjygl.2015.10.018
*Wang, Y. (2011). Enhancing the leadership of primary and secondary principals. Fujian Forum (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2011(S1):139-140.
*Xu, J. (2012). Professional development and leadership building of Australian primary and secondary principals. Academic Exploration, 2012(2):163-166.
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How to Cite
Chen, X., & Chen, H. (2024). Essential Elements of Principal Leadership: A Literature Review of the Leadership Qualities of Primary and Secondary Principals. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 23(2), 3811–3825. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.24.re392
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