Is Sex Hormone the Driving Force of School Violence? The Neurobehavioral Evidence
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Published
Oct 27, 2020
Abstract
When our students suffer school violence, we often subconsciously focus on the perpetrator’s personal behavior and other external factors related to it, such as family, school, and classmates. Of course, these external reasons are naturally more or less related to the behavior of the perpetrator, but are there any internal driving factors that make violence uncontrollable?
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Keywords
Education, School Violence, Sex Hormone, Neurobehavior
References
Blum, K., Chen, A.L., Chen, T.J., Braverman, E.R., Reinking, J., Blum, S.H., Cassel, K., Downs, B.W., Waite, R.L., Williams, L., Prihoda, T.J., Kerner, M. M., Palomo, T., Comings, D.E., Tung, H., Rhoades, P., & Oscar-Berman, M. (2008). Activation instead of blocking mesolimbic dopaminergic reward circuitry is a preferred modality in the long term treatment of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): A commentary. Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling, 5:24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-5-24
Blum, K., Gardner, E., Oscar-Berman, M., & Gold, M. (2012). “Liking” and “wanting” linked to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): hypothesizing differential responsivity in brain reward circuitry. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(1):113-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212798919110
Calabrò, R.S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., la Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue?. Brain and Behavior, 9(12):e01389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389
Chester, D.S., DeWall, C.N., Derefinko, K.J., Estus, S., Lynam, D.R., Peters, J.R., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Looking for reward in all the wrong places: Dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms indirectly affect aggression through sensation-seeking. Social Neuroscience, 11(5):487-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1119191
Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2005). Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(10):1397-1413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450590956459
He, D. (2020). The culprit hormone: The physiological origin of school violence amidst middle school students. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 7(1):761-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.or040
Jarcho, J.M., Leibenluft, E., Walker, O. L., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S., & Nelson, E.E. (2013). Neuroimaging studies of pediatric social anxiety: paradigms, pitfalls and a new direction for investigating the neural mechanisms. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 3:14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-3-14
Kudielka, B.M., Hellhammer, D.H., & Wüst, S. (2009). Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1):2-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004
Modestino, E.J., Blum, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Gold, M.S., Duane, D.D., Sultan, S., & Auerbach, S.H. (2015). Reward deficiency syndrome: Attentional/arousal subtypes, limitations of current diagnostic nosology, and future research. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, 1(1):6-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-002
Office of the Surgeon General (US); National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (US); National Institute of Mental Health (US); Center for Mental Health Services (US). (2001). Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); Chapter 4: Risk factors for youth violence. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44293/
Purves-Tyson, T.D., Owens, S.J., Double, K.L., Desai, R., Handelsman, D.J., & Weickert, C.S. (2014). Testosterone induces molecular changes in dopamine signaling pathway molecules in the adolescent male rat nigrostriatal pathway. PloS One, 9(3):e91151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091151
Rivara, F., Le Menestrel, S., Committee on the Biological and Psychosocial Effects of Peer Victimization: Lessons for Bullying Prevention, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Health and Medicine Division, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Eds.). (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy, and practice. National Academies Press (US). Last accessed at: October 25, 2020. Available From: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748087/
Rivera-Rivera, L., Allen-Leigh, B., Rodríguez-Ortega, G., Chávez-Ayala, R., & Lazcano-Ponce, E. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of adolescent dating violence: baseline study of a cohort of 7,960 male and female Mexican public school students. Preventive Medicine, 44(6):477-484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.02.020
Romero-Martínez, Á., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2016). The use of testosterone/cortisol ratio in response to acute stress as an indicator of propensity to anger in informal caregivers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19:E48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.62
Turan, B., Tackett, J.L., Lechtreck, M.T., & Browning, W.R. (2015). Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses: A dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62:59-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.166
van der Meij, L., Demetriou, A., Tulin, M., Méndez, I., Dekker, P., & Pronk, T. (2019). Hormones in speed-dating: The role of testosterone and cortisol in attraction. Hormones and Behavior, 116:104555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.003
Willems, Y.E., Li, J.B., Hendriks, A.M., Bartels, M., & Finkenauer, C. (2018). The relationship between family violence and self-control in adolescence: A multi-level meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11):2468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112468
Zweig, J.M., Dank, M., Lachman, P., & Yahner, J. (2013). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Last accessed at: October 25, 2020. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243296.pdf
Blum, K., Gardner, E., Oscar-Berman, M., & Gold, M. (2012). “Liking” and “wanting” linked to Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): hypothesizing differential responsivity in brain reward circuitry. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 18(1):113-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212798919110
Calabrò, R.S., Cacciola, A., Bruschetta, D., Milardi, D., Quattrini, F., Sciarrone, F., la Rosa, G., Bramanti, P., & Anastasi, G. (2019). Neuroanatomy and function of human sexual behavior: A neglected or unknown issue?. Brain and Behavior, 9(12):e01389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1389
Chester, D.S., DeWall, C.N., Derefinko, K.J., Estus, S., Lynam, D.R., Peters, J.R., & Jiang, Y. (2016). Looking for reward in all the wrong places: Dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms indirectly affect aggression through sensation-seeking. Social Neuroscience, 11(5):487-494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1119191
Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2005). Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(10):1397-1413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450590956459
He, D. (2020). The culprit hormone: The physiological origin of school violence amidst middle school students. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 7(1):761-773. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.or040
Jarcho, J.M., Leibenluft, E., Walker, O. L., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S., & Nelson, E.E. (2013). Neuroimaging studies of pediatric social anxiety: paradigms, pitfalls and a new direction for investigating the neural mechanisms. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 3:14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-3-14
Kudielka, B.M., Hellhammer, D.H., & Wüst, S. (2009). Why do we respond so differently? Reviewing determinants of human salivary cortisol responses to challenge. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1):2-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.004
Modestino, E.J., Blum, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Gold, M.S., Duane, D.D., Sultan, S., & Auerbach, S.H. (2015). Reward deficiency syndrome: Attentional/arousal subtypes, limitations of current diagnostic nosology, and future research. Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, 1(1):6-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17756/jrds.2015-002
Office of the Surgeon General (US); National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (US); National Institute of Mental Health (US); Center for Mental Health Services (US). (2001). Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): Office of the Surgeon General (US); Chapter 4: Risk factors for youth violence. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44293/
Purves-Tyson, T.D., Owens, S.J., Double, K.L., Desai, R., Handelsman, D.J., & Weickert, C.S. (2014). Testosterone induces molecular changes in dopamine signaling pathway molecules in the adolescent male rat nigrostriatal pathway. PloS One, 9(3):e91151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091151
Rivara, F., Le Menestrel, S., Committee on the Biological and Psychosocial Effects of Peer Victimization: Lessons for Bullying Prevention, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Health and Medicine Division, & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Eds.). (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy, and practice. National Academies Press (US). Last accessed at: October 25, 2020. Available From: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748087/
Rivera-Rivera, L., Allen-Leigh, B., Rodríguez-Ortega, G., Chávez-Ayala, R., & Lazcano-Ponce, E. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of adolescent dating violence: baseline study of a cohort of 7,960 male and female Mexican public school students. Preventive Medicine, 44(6):477-484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.02.020
Romero-Martínez, Á., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2016). The use of testosterone/cortisol ratio in response to acute stress as an indicator of propensity to anger in informal caregivers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 19:E48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.62
Turan, B., Tackett, J.L., Lechtreck, M.T., & Browning, W.R. (2015). Coordination of the cortisol and testosterone responses: A dual axis approach to understanding the response to social status threats. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62:59-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.166
van der Meij, L., Demetriou, A., Tulin, M., Méndez, I., Dekker, P., & Pronk, T. (2019). Hormones in speed-dating: The role of testosterone and cortisol in attraction. Hormones and Behavior, 116:104555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.07.003
Willems, Y.E., Li, J.B., Hendriks, A.M., Bartels, M., & Finkenauer, C. (2018). The relationship between family violence and self-control in adolescence: A multi-level meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11):2468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112468
Zweig, J.M., Dank, M., Lachman, P., & Yahner, J. (2013). Technology, teen dating violence and abuse, and bullying. Last accessed at: October 25, 2020. Available from: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243296.pdf
How to Cite
Zhou, L., & Wang, F. (2020). Is Sex Hormone the Driving Force of School Violence? The Neurobehavioral Evidence. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 7(1), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.20.co002
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