A Mixed-Methods Study of Secondary Student and Teacher Attitudes to Mobile Education Apps in Lagos, Nigeria
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Mar 27, 2023
Abstract
With the advent of smartphones, laptops, and other various portable devices, the ability to incorporate technology into the classroom has increased dramatically in the last few decades. This study evaluates the perceptions and attitudes of both students and teachers in relation to mobile apps that assist in classroom learning. The research used a mixed-methods approach that collected demographic information and conducted qualitative interviews to determine the perceptions of mobile apps to students and teachers. Cross-sectional data was collected from participants and analyzed for associations. 43 students and 6 teachers were recruited and interviewed. The participants were asked about their thoughts on mobile educational apps, and their interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. For students, themes were centered on barriers to educational app adoption, barriers to continued use of education apps, tracking progress, credibility, and goal setting/reminders. For teachers, themes identified that influenced mobile app use, and criteria used for mobile app selection was identified. Future research should aim to assess quantitative improvements in mobile educational app use within the classroom.
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Keywords
Classroom-Assistance, Mobile Apps, Self-Regulation, Secondary School, Educational Apps
References
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Ali, M. M., Mahmood, M. A., Anwar, M. N., Khan, L. A., & Hussain, A. (2019). Pakistani learners’ perceptions regarding mobile assisted language learning in ESL classroom. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(4):386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p386
Al-Kathiri, F. (2015). Beyond the classroom walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, attitudes and challenges. English Language Teaching, 8(1):189-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n1p189
Bağcı, H., &Akpinar, E. (2018). The effect of mobile learning applications on students’ academic achievement and attitudes toward mobile learning. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 6(4):40-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2018.04.004
Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2018). Reprint of Readiness for integrating mobile learning in the classroom: Challenges, preferences and possibilities. Computers in Human Behavior, 78:379-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.046
Criollo, C. S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á., & Luján-Mora, S. (2021). Mobile learning technologies for education: benefits and pending issues. Applied Sciences, 11(9):4111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094111
Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2018). The use of mobile learning in higher education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 123:53-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.007
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2):97-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
Dekhane, S., Xu, X., & Tsoi, M.Y. (2013). Mobile App Development to Increase Student Engagement and Problem Solving Skills. AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). Published 2013. Last Access: November 8, 2022. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol24/iss4/5/
Dennison, L., Morrison, L., Conway, G., & Yardley, L. (2013). Opportunities and challenges for smartphone applications in supporting health behavior change: Qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4):e86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2583
Domingo, M.G., & Garganté, A.B. (2016). Exploring the use of educational technology in primary education: Teachers’ perception of mobile technology learning impacts and applications’ use in the classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 56:21-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.023
Doucet, L., Lammens, R., Hendrickx, S., & Dewolf, P. (2019). App-based learning as an alternative for instructors in teaching basic life support to school children: A randomized control trial. Acta Clinica Belgica, 74:5:317-325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2018.1500766
Draper Rodríguez, C., Strnadová, I., & Cumming, T. (2014). Using iPads with students with disabilities: Lessons learned from students, teachers, and parents. Intervention in School and Clinic, 49(4):244-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/105345121350948
Eppard, J., Hojeij, Z., Ozdemir-Ayber, P., Rodjan-Helder, M., & Baroudi, S. (2019). Using Mobile Learning Tools in Higher Education: A UAE Case. International Association of Online Engineering. Last access: November 8, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i11.10823
Falloon, G. (2017). Mobile Devices and Apps as Scaffolds to Science Learning in the Primary Classroom. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 26(6):613-628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-017-9702-4
Grant, M. M., Barbour, M. K. (2013). Mobile Teaching and Learning in the Classroom and Online: Case Studies in K-12. Digital-Commons@SHU. Published 2013. Last access: November 13, 2022. Available at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ced_fac/94/
Grundy, Q. H., Wang, Z., & Bero, L.A. (2016). Challenges in assessing mobile health app quality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(6):1051-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.009
Heil, C. R., Wu, J. S., Lee, J. J., & Schmidt, T. (2016). A Review of Mobile Language Learning Applications: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities. The EuroCALL Review, 24(2), 32. https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.6402
Heil, C.R., Wu, J.S., Lee, J.J., & Schmidt, T. (2016). A review of mobile language learning applications: Trends, challenges, and op-portunities. The EuroCALL Review, 24(2):32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.6402
Hutchison, A., Beschorner, B., & Schmidt-Crawford, D. (2012). Exploring the Use of theiPad for Literacy Learning. The Reading Teacher, 66 (1):15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01090
Jacob Kola, A. (2022). STEM education in nigeria: development and challenges. Current Research in Language, Literature and Education, 3:53-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crlle/v3/2258
Kenny, G., O’Connor, Y., Eze, E., Ndibuagu, E., & Heavin, C. (2017). A ground-up approach to mhealth in nigeria: A study of primary healthcare workers’ attitude to mhealth adoption. Procedia Computer Science, 121:809-816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.105
Kondracki, N. L., Wellman, N. S., & Amundson D. R. (2002). Content analysis: review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4):224-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60097-3
Koszalka, T., & Ntloedibe-Kuswani, G. (2010). Literature on the safe and disruptive learning potential of mobile technologies. Distance Education, 31(2):139-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2010.498082
Kukulska-Hulme, A., Sharples, M., Milrad, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., & Vavoula, G. (2009). Innovation in mobile learning: A European perspective. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1):2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010102
Melhuish, K., & Falloon, G. (2010). Looking to the future: M-learning with the iPad. Computers in New Zealand Schools, 22(3):1-16.
Mohtar, S., Jomhari, N., Omar, N. A., Mustafa, M. B. P., & Yusoff, Z.M. (2023). The usability evaluation on mobile learning apps with gamification for middle-aged women. Education and Information Technologies, 28:1189-1210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11232-z
New Media Consortium. (2021, April 26). 2021 EDUCAUSE Horizon Report. Available at: https://library.educause.edu/resources/2021/4/2021-educause-horizon-report-teaching-and-learning-edition
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1):1609406917733847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Ok, M. W., Kim, M. K., Kang, E. Y., & Bryant, B. R. (2016). How to find good apps: an evaluation rubric for instructional apps for teaching students with learning disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 51(4):244-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451215589179
Pan, L., Tlili, A., Li, J., Jiang, F., Shi, G., Yu, H., & Yang, J. (2021). How to implement game-based learning in a smart classroom? A model based on a systematic literature review and Delphi method. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749837
Pereira, O. R. E., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2013). Survey and analysis of current mobile learning applications and technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 46(2):27:1-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2543581.2543594
Peters, K. (2007). m-Learning: Positioning educators for a mobile, connected future. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v8i2.350
Project Tomorrow. (2013). Speak Up. Tomorrow.org. Available at: https://tomorrow.org/speakup/speakup_data_findings.html
Quan, Z., Grant, L., Hocking, D., & Connor, A. (2022). Distinctive mobile learning: Where it is different and how it can make a difference. Interactive Learning Environments, In press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2086267
Ramirez-Donoso, L., Rojas-Riethmuller, J.S., Perez-Sanagustin, M., & Neyem, A. (2017). Enhancing collaborative learning in higher education online courses through a mobile game app. 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). Published online April 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd.2017.8066678
Reese Bomhold, C. (2013), “Educational use of smart phone technology: A survey of mobile phone application use by undergraduate university students”. Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, 47(4):424-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-01-2013-0003
Shokirovch, T.O. (2022). Improving Students Self-Studying Skills In Content-Based Education Using Mobile Educational Apps. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(7):462-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G7R8P
Silva, B. M. C., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., de la Torre Díez, I., López-Coronado, M., & Saleem, K. (2015). Mobile-health: A review of current state in 2015. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 56:265-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.003
Steel, C. H. (2012). Fitting learning into life: Language students' perspectives on the benefits of using mobile apps. In M. Brown, M. Hartnett & T. Stewart (Eds.), Future challenges, sustainable future, Proceedings of ascilite conference Wel-lington 2012. pp. 875-880.
Steinhubl, S. R., Muse, E. D., & Topol, E.J. The emerging field of mobile health. Science Translational Medicine, 7(283):333-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3487
Svetlana, K., & Yoon, Y. (2009). Adaptation e-learning contents in mobile environment. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interaction Sciences: Information Technology, Culture and Human. ICIS’09. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 474-479
Terras, M. M., & Ramsay, J. (2012). The five central psychological challenges facing effective mobile learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5):820-832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01362.x
Traxler, J. (2009). Learning in a mobile age. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101
Traxler, John. (2010). Students and mobile devices. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 18(2):149-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847
Uther, M. (2019). Mobile Learning-Trends and Practices. Education Sciences, 9(1):33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010033
Voshaar, J., Knipp, M., Loy, T., Zimmermann, J., & Johannsen, F. (2022). The impact of using a mobile app on learning success in accounting education. Accounting Education, 13(2):In press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2022.2041057
Wang, B.T. (2017). Designing mobile apps for english vocabulary learning. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(4):279-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2017.7.4.881
Yan, B., Mao, S., & Ruan, L. 2010. Research on e-learning and its related issues. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Internatinal Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT’10), 8:331-334.
Ali, M. M., Mahmood, M. A., Anwar, M. N., Khan, L. A., & Hussain, A. (2019). Pakistani learners’ perceptions regarding mobile assisted language learning in ESL classroom. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(4):386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p386
Al-Kathiri, F. (2015). Beyond the classroom walls: Edmodo in Saudi Secondary School EFL Instruction, attitudes and challenges. English Language Teaching, 8(1):189-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v8n1p189
Bağcı, H., &Akpinar, E. (2018). The effect of mobile learning applications on students’ academic achievement and attitudes toward mobile learning. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 6(4):40-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2018.04.004
Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2018). Reprint of Readiness for integrating mobile learning in the classroom: Challenges, preferences and possibilities. Computers in Human Behavior, 78:379-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.046
Criollo, C. S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á., & Luján-Mora, S. (2021). Mobile learning technologies for education: benefits and pending issues. Applied Sciences, 11(9):4111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094111
Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2018). The use of mobile learning in higher education: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 123:53-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.04.007
Darling-Hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-Harvey, C., Barron, B., & Osher, D. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2):97-140, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791
Dekhane, S., Xu, X., & Tsoi, M.Y. (2013). Mobile App Development to Increase Student Engagement and Problem Solving Skills. AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). Published 2013. Last Access: November 8, 2022. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/jise/vol24/iss4/5/
Dennison, L., Morrison, L., Conway, G., & Yardley, L. (2013). Opportunities and challenges for smartphone applications in supporting health behavior change: Qualitative study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4):e86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2583
Domingo, M.G., & Garganté, A.B. (2016). Exploring the use of educational technology in primary education: Teachers’ perception of mobile technology learning impacts and applications’ use in the classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 56:21-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.023
Doucet, L., Lammens, R., Hendrickx, S., & Dewolf, P. (2019). App-based learning as an alternative for instructors in teaching basic life support to school children: A randomized control trial. Acta Clinica Belgica, 74:5:317-325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2018.1500766
Draper Rodríguez, C., Strnadová, I., & Cumming, T. (2014). Using iPads with students with disabilities: Lessons learned from students, teachers, and parents. Intervention in School and Clinic, 49(4):244-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/105345121350948
Eppard, J., Hojeij, Z., Ozdemir-Ayber, P., Rodjan-Helder, M., & Baroudi, S. (2019). Using Mobile Learning Tools in Higher Education: A UAE Case. International Association of Online Engineering. Last access: November 8, 2022. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i11.10823
Falloon, G. (2017). Mobile Devices and Apps as Scaffolds to Science Learning in the Primary Classroom. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 26(6):613-628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-017-9702-4
Grant, M. M., Barbour, M. K. (2013). Mobile Teaching and Learning in the Classroom and Online: Case Studies in K-12. Digital-Commons@SHU. Published 2013. Last access: November 13, 2022. Available at: https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/ced_fac/94/
Grundy, Q. H., Wang, Z., & Bero, L.A. (2016). Challenges in assessing mobile health app quality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(6):1051-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.009
Heil, C. R., Wu, J. S., Lee, J. J., & Schmidt, T. (2016). A Review of Mobile Language Learning Applications: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities. The EuroCALL Review, 24(2), 32. https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.6402
Heil, C.R., Wu, J.S., Lee, J.J., & Schmidt, T. (2016). A review of mobile language learning applications: Trends, challenges, and op-portunities. The EuroCALL Review, 24(2):32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2016.6402
Hutchison, A., Beschorner, B., & Schmidt-Crawford, D. (2012). Exploring the Use of theiPad for Literacy Learning. The Reading Teacher, 66 (1):15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/TRTR.01090
Jacob Kola, A. (2022). STEM education in nigeria: development and challenges. Current Research in Language, Literature and Education, 3:53-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crlle/v3/2258
Kenny, G., O’Connor, Y., Eze, E., Ndibuagu, E., & Heavin, C. (2017). A ground-up approach to mhealth in nigeria: A study of primary healthcare workers’ attitude to mhealth adoption. Procedia Computer Science, 121:809-816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.105
Kondracki, N. L., Wellman, N. S., & Amundson D. R. (2002). Content analysis: review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 34(4):224-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60097-3
Koszalka, T., & Ntloedibe-Kuswani, G. (2010). Literature on the safe and disruptive learning potential of mobile technologies. Distance Education, 31(2):139-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2010.498082
Kukulska-Hulme, A., Sharples, M., Milrad, M., Arnedillo-Sánchez, I., & Vavoula, G. (2009). Innovation in mobile learning: A European perspective. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1):2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010102
Melhuish, K., & Falloon, G. (2010). Looking to the future: M-learning with the iPad. Computers in New Zealand Schools, 22(3):1-16.
Mohtar, S., Jomhari, N., Omar, N. A., Mustafa, M. B. P., & Yusoff, Z.M. (2023). The usability evaluation on mobile learning apps with gamification for middle-aged women. Education and Information Technologies, 28:1189-1210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11232-z
New Media Consortium. (2021, April 26). 2021 EDUCAUSE Horizon Report. Available at: https://library.educause.edu/resources/2021/4/2021-educause-horizon-report-teaching-and-learning-edition
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1):1609406917733847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Ok, M. W., Kim, M. K., Kang, E. Y., & Bryant, B. R. (2016). How to find good apps: an evaluation rubric for instructional apps for teaching students with learning disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 51(4):244-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1053451215589179
Pan, L., Tlili, A., Li, J., Jiang, F., Shi, G., Yu, H., & Yang, J. (2021). How to implement game-based learning in a smart classroom? A model based on a systematic literature review and Delphi method. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749837
Pereira, O. R. E., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2013). Survey and analysis of current mobile learning applications and technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 46(2):27:1-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2543581.2543594
Peters, K. (2007). m-Learning: Positioning educators for a mobile, connected future. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 8(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v8i2.350
Project Tomorrow. (2013). Speak Up. Tomorrow.org. Available at: https://tomorrow.org/speakup/speakup_data_findings.html
Quan, Z., Grant, L., Hocking, D., & Connor, A. (2022). Distinctive mobile learning: Where it is different and how it can make a difference. Interactive Learning Environments, In press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2086267
Ramirez-Donoso, L., Rojas-Riethmuller, J.S., Perez-Sanagustin, M., & Neyem, A. (2017). Enhancing collaborative learning in higher education online courses through a mobile game app. 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD). Published online April 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/cscwd.2017.8066678
Reese Bomhold, C. (2013), “Educational use of smart phone technology: A survey of mobile phone application use by undergraduate university students”. Program: Electronic Library and Information Systems, 47(4):424-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PROG-01-2013-0003
Shokirovch, T.O. (2022). Improving Students Self-Studying Skills In Content-Based Education Using Mobile Educational Apps. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(7):462-468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G7R8P
Silva, B. M. C., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., de la Torre Díez, I., López-Coronado, M., & Saleem, K. (2015). Mobile-health: A review of current state in 2015. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 56:265-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.003
Steel, C. H. (2012). Fitting learning into life: Language students' perspectives on the benefits of using mobile apps. In M. Brown, M. Hartnett & T. Stewart (Eds.), Future challenges, sustainable future, Proceedings of ascilite conference Wel-lington 2012. pp. 875-880.
Steinhubl, S. R., Muse, E. D., & Topol, E.J. The emerging field of mobile health. Science Translational Medicine, 7(283):333-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3487
Svetlana, K., & Yoon, Y. (2009). Adaptation e-learning contents in mobile environment. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interaction Sciences: Information Technology, Culture and Human. ICIS’09. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 474-479
Terras, M. M., & Ramsay, J. (2012). The five central psychological challenges facing effective mobile learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5):820-832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01362.x
Traxler, J. (2009). Learning in a mobile age. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 1(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jmbl.2009010101
Traxler, John. (2010). Students and mobile devices. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 18(2):149-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09687769.2010.492847
Uther, M. (2019). Mobile Learning-Trends and Practices. Education Sciences, 9(1):33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010033
Voshaar, J., Knipp, M., Loy, T., Zimmermann, J., & Johannsen, F. (2022). The impact of using a mobile app on learning success in accounting education. Accounting Education, 13(2):In press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639284.2022.2041057
Wang, B.T. (2017). Designing mobile apps for english vocabulary learning. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(4):279-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2017.7.4.881
Yan, B., Mao, S., & Ruan, L. 2010. Research on e-learning and its related issues. In Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE Internatinal Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT’10), 8:331-334.
How to Cite
Krochinak, S., Cui, S., Ajayi, B., Egonu, R., & Kim, E. (2023). A Mixed-Methods Study of Secondary Student and Teacher Attitudes to Mobile Education Apps in Lagos, Nigeria . Science Insights Education Frontiers, 15(1), 2247–2270. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.or136
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