Evaluation on College Students’ Anxiety and Social Media Usage during Shanghai Closure
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Published
Mar 27, 2023
Abstract
As COVID-19 mutates, the highly infectious omicron mutants (BA. 5.2., BF. 7) tension shrouded China. Given the internet information explosion and youth social media addiction, observing the mental impact on college students during the 2022 Shanghai closure is worthwhile. A pilot survey study was conducted to explore the anxiety levels of college students during the closure. The sample size was limited to 101 second-year college students. In addition to demographics, the survey involved the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, self-perceived COVID-19 anxiety, frequency of COVID-19 information reception, number of social media accounts, and number of electronic devices. Though 68.4% of students equipped with two electronic devices (N = 95) exceeded the students with only one electronic device, a Chi-square test showed that students with only one electronic device had the highest anxiety index (mean = 50). Further, the Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the number of electronic devices affected the students’ anxiety level (p = 0.027) while social media membership did not (p = 0.565). As a result, it was suggested that social media usage and pandemic information inputs among college students were significant concerns that required special attention from the government, schools, teachers, and families.
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Keywords
COVID-19, Pandemic Anxiety, Mental Health, Social Media
References
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The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council held a teleconference unswervingly adhered to the general policy of “dynamic clearing.” (2022, May 10). Shanghai Municipal People’s Government; Jiefang Daily. Available at: https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw4411/20220510/0dc6927c0b42466dbe9d2f3544cfabd9.html
Tuck, A. B., & Thompson, R. J. (2020). Social networking site use during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associations with social and emotional well-being in college students: Survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research Formative Research, 5(9):e26513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/26513
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109:110236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89:531-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Wu, X., Tao, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Tao, F. (2015). Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLOS ONE, 10(3):e0119607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119607
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4):531-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Yuan, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Li, G., & Mao, S. (2015). The reliability and validity of a Chinese-version Short Health Anxiety Inventory: An investigation of university students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11:1739-1747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s83501
Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Tao, S., Li, S., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Sun, G., Li, T., & Tao, F. (2021). Associations between screen time, physical activity, and depressive symptoms during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak among Chinese college students. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-01025-0
Zhong, B., Huang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021). Mental health toll from the coronavirus: Social media usage reveals Wuhan residents’ depression and secondary trauma in the COVID-19 outbreak. Computers in Human Behavior, 114:106524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106524
Zhou, Y. (2012). An evaluation on the application of anxiety self-rating scale among Chinese college students. Southern Medical University.
Zung, W. W. K. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12(6):371-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(71)71479-0
Chang, J., Ji, Y., Li, Y., Pan, H., & Su, P. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom among college students during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292:242-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.109
Chang, J., Yuan, Y., & Wang, D. (2020). Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19. Journal of Southern Medical University, 40(2):171-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.06
Daneshfar, S., & Moharami, M. (2018). Dynamic assessment in Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory: Origins and main concepts. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 9(3):600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.20
Duan, H., Gong, M., Zhang, Q., Huang, X., & Wan, B. (2022). Research on sleep status, body mass index, anxiety and depression of college students during the post-pandemic era in Wuhan, China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301:189-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.015
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2):175-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
Feng, Q., Zhang, Q., Du, Y., Ye, Y., & He, Q. (2014). Associations of physical activity, screen time with depression, anxiety and sleep quality among chinese college freshmen. PLoS ONE, 9(6):e100914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100914
Hamza Shuja, K., Aqeel, M., Jaffar, A., & Ahmed, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and impending global mental health implications. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1):32-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2020.32
Hou, Y., Xiong, D., Jiang, T., Song, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Social media addiction: Its impact, mediation, and intervention. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 13(1):4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2019-1-4
Hrafnkelsdottir, S. M., Brychta, R. J., Rognvaldsdottir, V., Gestsdottir, S., Chen, K. Y., Johannsson, E., Guðmundsdottir, S. L., & Arngrimsson, S. A. (2018). Less screen time and more frequent vigorous physical activity is associated with lower risk of reporting negative mental health symptoms among Icelandic adolescents. PLOS ONE, 13(4):e0196286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196286
Jiang, Y. (2021). Problematic social media usage and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of psychological capital and the moderating role of academic burnout. Frontiers in Psychology, 12:1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612007
Kruskal Wallis Test - An overview. (n.d.). ScienceDirect Topics. Last access: May 24, 2022, Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/kruskal-wallis-test
Liu, S., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 289:113070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113070
Luo, T., Chen, W., & Liao, Y. (2021). Social media use in China before and during COVID-19: Preliminary results from an online retrospective survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 140:35-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.057
Maras, D., Flament, M. F., Murray, M., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., Obeid, N., & Goldfield, G. S. (2015). Screen time is associated with depression and anxiety in Canadian youth. Preventive Medicine, 73:133-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.029
Marques de Miranda, D., da Silva Athanasio, B., Sena Oliveira, A. C., & Simoes-e-Silva, A. C. (2020). How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51:101845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845
On March 27, Shanghai reported on the prevention and control of new coronary pneumonia. (2022, March 27). Municipal Government Information Office. Available at: https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw9822/20220327/0a4aba7a165a4395889814edd8f2d928.html
Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS Survival Manual. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 9780335261550. pp. 207-238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117407
Qin, F., Song, Y., Nassis, G. P., Zhao, L., Cui, S., Lai, L., Wu, Z., Xu, M., Qu, C., Dong, Y., Wang, Z., Geng, X., Zhao, C., Feng, Y., Han, Z., Fan, Z., & Zhao, J. (2020). Prevalence of insufficient physical activity, sedentary screen time and emotional well-being during the early days of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in China: A national cross-sectional study. SSRN Electronic Journal, 17: 5170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566176
Tao, M., & Gao, J. (1994). The reliability and validity of SAS-CR. Chinese Journal of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, 1994(5):301-303.
The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council held a teleconference unswervingly adhered to the general policy of “dynamic clearing.” (2022, May 10). Shanghai Municipal People’s Government; Jiefang Daily. Available at: https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw4411/20220510/0dc6927c0b42466dbe9d2f3544cfabd9.html
Tuck, A. B., & Thompson, R. J. (2020). Social networking site use during the COVID-19 pandemic and its associations with social and emotional well-being in college students: Survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research Formative Research, 5(9):e26513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/26513
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger people are more vulnerable to stress, anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: A global cross-sectional survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109:110236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89:531-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Wu, X., Tao, S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., & Tao, F. (2015). Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLOS ONE, 10(3):e0119607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119607
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents’ lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 63(4):531-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Yuan, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, R., Li, G., & Mao, S. (2015). The reliability and validity of a Chinese-version Short Health Anxiety Inventory: An investigation of university students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11:1739-1747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s83501
Zhang, Y., Wu, X., Tao, S., Li, S., Ma, L., Yu, Y., Sun, G., Li, T., & Tao, F. (2021). Associations between screen time, physical activity, and depressive symptoms during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak among Chinese college students. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26(1):1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-01025-0
Zhong, B., Huang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021). Mental health toll from the coronavirus: Social media usage reveals Wuhan residents’ depression and secondary trauma in the COVID-19 outbreak. Computers in Human Behavior, 114:106524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106524
Zhou, Y. (2012). An evaluation on the application of anxiety self-rating scale among Chinese college students. Southern Medical University.
Zung, W. W. K. (1971). A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 12(6):371-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(71)71479-0
How to Cite
Wei, Q. (2023). Evaluation on College Students’ Anxiety and Social Media Usage during Shanghai Closure. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 15(1), 2227–2245. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.or123
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