The “One-Way Student Flow” in General-Vocational Education Integration in Chinese Secondary Education
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Published
Apr 30, 2024
Abstract
The general-vocational education integration (GVEI) is an initiative of strategic significance for Chinese educational reform in the new era, aiming to integrate general and vocational education resources to provide more diverse educational options for students and cultivate high-quality technical talent. Nevertheless, the GVEI at the secondary level encounters the challenge of “one-way student flow,” a strong bias towards vocational-to-general transition in vocational education students. The issue is a severe deviation from the original objective of developing GVEI. This article focuses on delineating the phenomenon and pinpointing the causes underlying it, with a view to providing implications for the successful implementation and advancement of GVEI.
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Keywords
General-Vocational Education Integration, Vocational Education, General-Vocational Education Streaming, Education Choice
References
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31. Tao J. Ecological Analysis of Vocational Education Policies (doctoral dissertation). Tianjin University. 2021. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27356/d.cnki.gtjdu.2021.000268
32. Yang J. Employment Choice and Satisfaction of Rural Students in Vocational Schools (master’s thesis). Jiangxi Agricultural University. 2023. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27177/d.cnki.gjxnu.2023.000359
33. Hu J. Challenges in Vocational Education Development in Shan’xi Province and the Redesign of Its Vocational Education System (doctoral dissertation). Xiamen University. 2020. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27424/d.cnki.gxmdu.2020.003568
34. Zhang J. Levels and categories of vocational education: Reasons, measures, and challenges concerning the reform of vocational education. J Bingtuan Educ Inst 2022; 2022(3):56-63. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ttOPOQ75YvIEHmfwQmawFpmj4G1Zmo_pmtX0m_HFQfoaO0IndVA5EyESli5ozv_YRpw2nhWZoc2a_hg7NAxZkRFfmWmfLW87osOsMfd9Gt9AKQo1lm3NQCDntPdtYv_Th8_px0BjuM=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
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36. The Paper. Treated as Underperforming Students, 70% of Vocational School Graduates Earn Less Than 3000 CYN as a Starting Monthly Salary: The Possibilities of Career Development among Them. 2021-11-27. Available at: https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_15583458
37. Zeng W. Incentive Mechanisms for Corporate Involvement in Vocational Education (master’s thesis). Guangdong Normal University of Technology. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27729/d.cnki.ggdjs.2021.000076
2. State Council of China. Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting the Reform of General Education in the New Era. 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-06/19/content_5401568.htm
3. State Council of China. Opinions on Promoting the High-Quality Development of Modern Vocational Education. 2021. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-10/12/content_5642120.htm
4. Liu L. The general-vocational education streaming at the secondary level from the perspectives of multiple stakeholders (master’s thesis). Southwest University. 2023. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27684/d.cnki.gxndx.2023.000985
5. China Youth Daily. How to implement general-vocational education streaming properly. 2021. Available at: https://zqb.cyol.com/html/2021-12/20/nw.D110000zgqnb_20211220_1-06.htm
6. Shi W, Li P. The “General-to-Vocational Students Roughly Equivalent” policy: Multiple reasons, practical complications, and adjustment strategies. Chin Vocat Tech Educ 2021; 2021(12):42-47. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=YoFA4grnCX4CNUXWRzTyvaE_8fdD7rCkhJJ837KWUW-7lBzxxawwt1HUBJUsfvsPbAiHY-V5ynFBkzA7euXedlT4PkOpOqePcc_28G5cmzhtgaCg3qS9wNcPy4kfihjgPKrFxtkcp58=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
7. Liu X, Wei Y. From “tracking” to “coordination”: The value and practical requirements of the “General-to-Vocational Students Roughly Equivalent” initiative. Educ Vocat 2022: 2022(23):5-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13615/j.cnki.1004-3985.2022.23.002
8. Chen M. General-vocational education streaming at the secondary level: Policies, issues, and coping measures. J Ningbo Vocat Tech Coll 2024; 2024(2):21-28. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=YoFA4grnCX7v49S2IiMvFhDIBsIKf9WxUFOxRI1TFsD58kdXSsPGarbmhUChWoMQ8fg49iJwQ9yoNO-T8CzqdgVRztlZ2KcBROleeF19aiR9HKQKssYYcxMbmnZIPg&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
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10. Zeng T. An Interpretation of the China Vocational Education Law. Vocat Tech Educ 2023; 2023(03):31. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=YoFA4grnCX7TTEM92jugisB8Wk_v1Fnp7JQyPZHL4EBSi6dYItdUgN_btkH8mBwa1oh0pHh9I672RXHLfYz5XJCSIslMorlo1Gqov06yEqTb98Ewge9aOmrESkfiKaP8D4Vw-U3g4jg=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
11. Cao Y, Tang S. General and vocational tracks and equity of higher education enrollment opportunities among classes: A reconstruction of indicator system for social class-based differential enrollment opportunities and its empirical analysis. Peking Univ Educ Rev 2021; 2021(4):164-183.
12. Li X. (2023). A case study of general-vocational education integration at the senior secondary level and discussion on strategies for its institutional optimization (master’s thesis). East China Normal University. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2023.002399
13. Su J. Vocational-general education integration: A two-way process in distinctively Chinese education modernization. Science and Technology Daily. 2023-02-17. Available at: http://www.stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/202302/03ab7a129ca34584a285e72a879d3997.shtml
14. People.cn. Vocational-general education integration should be a two-way process. 2023-02-24. Available at: http://edu.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0224/c1006-32630327.html
15. He Z, Zhu H, Deng D. An analysis of the social function of the college entrance examination system from the perspective of educational equity. J Teach Manag 2011; 2011(15):14-16. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ttOPOQ75YvLXn9fPqgcbls6TvlkoohBxLVVnj_tVm_XOdaEmFENOoIxyanAk9f7mI8D9YRdlzClY8LElxNkvrMXj4Q0OL_4sEap306AT9NobgDvjU54G1rykpP1tUjmh&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
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17. Nanfang Metropolis Daily. The Forum amid Two Sessions: Why are vocational schools undervalued? What does the development of vocational education necessitate? 2022-03-10. Available at: https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20220310A082TZ00
18. Sun W. An Empirical Study of the Yield of General and Vocational Education for Urban and Rural Residents: Based on CGSS Data of Senior Secondary Schools (master’s thesis). Yunnan University of Finance and Economics. 2018.
19. State Council of China. The Outline of Plans for National Medium- and Long-Term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020). 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-07/29/content_1667143.htm
20. Cao Q. Practical Teaching in Secondary Vocational Education: Challenges and Countermeasures (master’s Thesis). Northwest Normal University. 2020. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27410/d.cnki.gxbfu.2020.002146
21. Zha Y. Vocational Education for Lifelong Careers (doctoral dissertation). Tianjin University. 2022. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27356/d.cnki.gtjdu.2022.000017
22. Li Y. The governance of vocational education: Challenges and prospects. Comm Vocat Educ 2023; 2023(2):28-39. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=RsYUK1W_Gsgj43KD8QXMwECsd1EOF1wEQ-E8mAnzeqeKo4_cqBTZLVxnevIfCoR_iXPq5MNyJQ3Beh0N6dQPJV-0HQmCS9BpLi8b-cf8_SNcxFOpGXxCywjvujgvSlw103Ocmozwz_w=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
23. Wan H. Rethinking the Value of Vocational Education in the Perspective of Social Stratification (doctoral dissertation). East China Normal University. 2009. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ttOPOQ75YvJcw2npD8NkTpHy4oCU8tGH8Ifjf_LSgIVZd4ZRq1sDD3xYdkQd1ZYwLWX-IAG1aTJRcYc1PLl_jboOltvgD57usG1fFxIAYqGrDdlbqS3eAK2Nmxhjs2Inqs3o3RbuAR8X47chVKZw==uniplatform=NZKPTlanguage=CHS
24. Wangxu Z. Stigmatization of Vocational Education in Junior Secondary School Students: The Current State and Countermeasures (Master’s thesis). Jilin International Studies University. 2023. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27833/d.cnki.gjlhw.2023.000293
25. Xiong B. Eliminating the anxiety in general-vocational education streaming by building comprehensive high school education rather than expanding general senior secondary education. The Economic Observer. 2023-08-31. Available At: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5OTExMjYwMA==&mid=2670163132&idx=3&sn=c6853fa0611be746f092c27995ec0812
26. Ma L. Career Development: Building a Win-Win Model for Individuals and Organizations (doctoral dissertation). Xiamen University. 2004.
27. Liu L. Governmental Performance in Vocational Education Development in L City (master’s thesis). Shandong University. 2022. https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27272/d.cnki.gshdu.2022.006660
28. Luo Y. Diversifying General Senior Secondary Education in China (doctoral dissertation). East China Normal University. 2020. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2020.002314
29. The Paper. 40% of students cannot attend high schools: Where they have been diverted to. 2023-10-04. Available at: https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_24827860
30. Zhang L, Luo Q, Qian J. Strategies for Improving the Quality of Employment of Vocational Education Students under the Background of the New Vocational Education Law (Eds.). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Education and Artificial Intelligence Development in 2023 (Volume 3). 2023. pp.256-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26914/c.cnkihy.2023.074594
31. Tao J. Ecological Analysis of Vocational Education Policies (doctoral dissertation). Tianjin University. 2021. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27356/d.cnki.gtjdu.2021.000268
32. Yang J. Employment Choice and Satisfaction of Rural Students in Vocational Schools (master’s thesis). Jiangxi Agricultural University. 2023. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27177/d.cnki.gjxnu.2023.000359
33. Hu J. Challenges in Vocational Education Development in Shan’xi Province and the Redesign of Its Vocational Education System (doctoral dissertation). Xiamen University. 2020. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/doi/10.27424/d.cnki.gxmdu.2020.003568
34. Zhang J. Levels and categories of vocational education: Reasons, measures, and challenges concerning the reform of vocational education. J Bingtuan Educ Inst 2022; 2022(3):56-63. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=ttOPOQ75YvIEHmfwQmawFpmj4G1Zmo_pmtX0m_HFQfoaO0IndVA5EyESli5ozv_YRpw2nhWZoc2a_hg7NAxZkRFfmWmfLW87osOsMfd9Gt9AKQo1lm3NQCDntPdtYv_Th8_px0BjuM=&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
35. Zhaopin.com. Report on Employment Prospects of Vocational Education Students. 2019-08-06. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/331808086_610793
36. The Paper. Treated as Underperforming Students, 70% of Vocational School Graduates Earn Less Than 3000 CYN as a Starting Monthly Salary: The Possibilities of Career Development among Them. 2021-11-27. Available at: https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_15583458
37. Zeng W. Incentive Mechanisms for Corporate Involvement in Vocational Education (master’s thesis). Guangdong Normal University of Technology. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.27729/d.cnki.ggdjs.2021.000076
How to Cite
Du, Q. (2024). The “One-Way Student Flow” in General-Vocational Education Integration in Chinese Secondary Education. Science Insights, 44(4), 1311–1317. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.re957
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