Myocardial Ischemic Syndrome: A Necessary Nomenclature Update of Coronary Artery Disease
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Published
Nov 27, 2024
Abstract
The switch from the name coronary artery disease (CAD) to myocardial ischemic syndrome (MIS) signifies a more thorough comprehension of the mechanism and clinical presentations of heart disease. CAD largely addresses obstructive coronary lesions, whereas MIS includes a wider range of disorders leading to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle, including microvascular dysfunction and coronary artery spasm. The revised terminology highlights the varied causes and manifestations of ischemic heart disease beyond conventional stenotic lesions, facilitating more precise diagnosis and tailored treatment approaches based on specific patient attributes. By acknowledging the dynamic characteristics of myocardial ischemia, healthcare providers can more effectively manage the intricate interactions of risk variables and customize interventions to enhance patient outcomes.
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Keywords
Nomenclature, Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemic Syndrome, Disease Classification, Outcomes
Supporting Agencies
No funding source declared.
References
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Alkar, B. S., Mattsson, G., & Magnusson, P. (2018). Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Contemporary Clinical Management. In InTech eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76723
Beneze, A. N., Gold, J. M., & Dokken, B. B. (2012). Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in CAD: Consequences and Potential Therapeutic Applications. In InTech eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/28822
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Crossman, D. C. (2004). The pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia. Heart, 90(5), 576-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.029017
DeGroat, W., Abdelhalim, H., Patel, K., Mendhe, D., Zeeshan, S., & Ahmed, Z. (2024). Discovering biomarkers associated and predicting cardiovascular disease with high accuracy using a novel nexus of machine learning techniques for precision medicine. Scientific Reports, 14(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50600-8
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Moskowitz, R. M., Chatterjee, K., & Parmley, W. W. (1988). Silent Myocardial Ischemia: An Update. Medical Clinics of North America, 72(5), 1033-1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30728-3
Nosher, J. L., Murillo, P. G., Liszewski, M., Gendel, V., & Gribbin, C. E. (2014). Vascular anomalies: A pictorial review of nomenclature, diagnosis and treatment. World Journal of Radiology, 6(9), 677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v6.i9.677
Shimokawa, H., & Yasuda, S. (2008). Myocardial ischemia: Current concepts and future perspectives. Journal of Cardiology, 52(2), 67-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.07.016
Sirajuddin, A., Mirmomen, S. M., Kligerman, S. J., Groves, D. W., Burke, A. P., Kureshi, F., White, C. S., & Arai, A. E. (2021). Ischemic Heart Disease: Noninvasive Imaging Techniques and Findings. Radiographics, 200125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200125
Slater, J., & Rill, V. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights into the pathophysiology, prevalence, and early detection of a monster menace. Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI, 25(2), 113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sult.2003.11.003
Steenbergen, C., & Frangogiannis, N. G. (2012). Ischemic Heart Disease. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 495-521). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381510-1.00036-3
Yetkin, E., & Ozturk, S. (2018). Dilating Vascular Diseases: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, 2018, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9024278
Yu, J. B., Wilson, L. D., & Detterbeck, F. C. (2008). Superior Vena Cava Syndrome—A Proposed Classification System and Algorithm for Management. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 3(8), 811-814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/jto.0b013e3181804791
Albakri, A. (2018). Ischemic cardiomyopathy: A review of literature on clinical status and meta-analysis of diagnostic and clinical management. Biology Engineering and Medicine, 3(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15761/bem.1000151
Alkar, B. S., Mattsson, G., & Magnusson, P. (2018). Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Contemporary Clinical Management. In InTech eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76723
Beneze, A. N., Gold, J. M., & Dokken, B. B. (2012). Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in CAD: Consequences and Potential Therapeutic Applications. In InTech eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/28822
Boden, W. E., De Caterina, R., Kaski, J. C., Merz, C. N. B., Berry, C., Marzilli, M., Pepine, C. J., Barbato, E., Stefanini, G. G., Prescott, E., Steg, P. G., Bhatt, D. L., Hill, J. A., & Crea, F. (2024). Myocardial Ischemic Syndromes: A New Nomenclature to Harmonize Evolving International Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.123.065656
Crossman, D. C. (2004). The pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia. Heart, 90(5), 576-580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.029017
DeGroat, W., Abdelhalim, H., Patel, K., Mendhe, D., Zeeshan, S., & Ahmed, Z. (2024). Discovering biomarkers associated and predicting cardiovascular disease with high accuracy using a novel nexus of machine learning techniques for precision medicine. Scientific Reports, 14(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50600-8
Ferris, J., & Friesen, J. (1979). Definitions of ischaemia, infarction and necrosis. Forensic Science International, 13, 253-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(79)90292-5
Fishbein, G., Fishbein, M., & Buja, L. (2015). Myocardial Ischemia and Its Complications. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 239-270). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-420219-1.00007-0
Gabriel-Costa, D. (2018). The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction-induced heart failure. Pathophysiology, 25(4), 277-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.04.003
Gameiro, G. R., Sinkunas, V., Liguori, G. R., & Auler-Júnior, J. O. C. (2018). Precision Medicine: Changing the way we think about healthcare. Clinics, 73, e723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2017/e723
Gowda, R. M., Khan, I. A., Vasavada, B. C., & Sacchi, T. J. (2004). Reversible myocardial dysfunction: basics and evaluation. International Journal of Cardiology, 97(3), 349-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.08.023
Gray, R. A., & Pathmanathan, P. (2018). Patient-Specific Cardiovascular Computational Modeling: Diversity of Personalization and Challenges. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 11(2), 80-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-018-9792-2
Hasanzad, M., Sarhangi, N., Meybodi, H. R. A., Nikfar, S., Khatami, F., & Larijani, B. (2019). Precision Medicine in Non Communicable Diseases. PubMed, 8(Suppl1), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22088/ijmcm.bums.8.2.1
Kingma, J. G. (2020). Acute Myocardial Infarction: Perspectives on Physiopathology of Myocardial Injury and Protective Interventions. In IntechOpen eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92838
Leopold, J. A., & Loscalzo, J. (2018). Emerging Role of Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation Research, 122(9), 1302-1315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.117.310782
Mehta, A., Vavilin, I., Nguyen, A. H., Batchelor, W. B., Blumer, V., Cilia, L., Dewanjee, A., Desai, M., Desai, S. S., Flanagan, M. C., Isseh, I. N., Kennedy, J. L. W., Klein, K. M., Moukhachen, H., Psotka, M. A., Raja, A., Rosner, C. M., Shah, P., Tang, D. G., . . . Sinha, S. S. (2024).
Contemporary approach to cardiogenic shock care: a state-of-the-art review. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1354158
Mohan, J. C., & Narula, J. (2012). New Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Global Implications, Applicability, and Need for Flexibility. Global Heart, 7(4), 377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2012.10.005
Moskowitz, R. M., Chatterjee, K., & Parmley, W. W. (1988). Silent Myocardial Ischemia: An Update. Medical Clinics of North America, 72(5), 1033-1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30728-3
Nosher, J. L., Murillo, P. G., Liszewski, M., Gendel, V., & Gribbin, C. E. (2014). Vascular anomalies: A pictorial review of nomenclature, diagnosis and treatment. World Journal of Radiology, 6(9), 677. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v6.i9.677
Shimokawa, H., & Yasuda, S. (2008). Myocardial ischemia: Current concepts and future perspectives. Journal of Cardiology, 52(2), 67-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.07.016
Sirajuddin, A., Mirmomen, S. M., Kligerman, S. J., Groves, D. W., Burke, A. P., Kureshi, F., White, C. S., & Arai, A. E. (2021). Ischemic Heart Disease: Noninvasive Imaging Techniques and Findings. Radiographics, 200125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200125
Slater, J., & Rill, V. (2004). Coronary artery disease: new insights into the pathophysiology, prevalence, and early detection of a monster menace. Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI, 25(2), 113-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sult.2003.11.003
Steenbergen, C., & Frangogiannis, N. G. (2012). Ischemic Heart Disease. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 495-521). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381510-1.00036-3
Yetkin, E., & Ozturk, S. (2018). Dilating Vascular Diseases: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects. International Journal of Vascular Medicine, 2018, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9024278
Yu, J. B., Wilson, L. D., & Detterbeck, F. C. (2008). Superior Vena Cava Syndrome—A Proposed Classification System and Algorithm for Management. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 3(8), 811-814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/jto.0b013e3181804791
How to Cite
Rzyman, K. (2024). Myocardial Ischemic Syndrome: A Necessary Nomenclature Update of Coronary Artery Disease. Science Insights, 45(5), 1615–1617. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.pe175
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