Could We Switch Off Autoimmunity?
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Published
Dec 30, 2024
Abstract
Autoimmunity transpires when the immune system erroneously targets healthy cells, leading to a range of autoimmune disorders. Although medications are available to alleviate symptoms and decelerate disease progression, a definitive cure for autoimmunity continues to be unattainable. Research in immunology and medical science is perpetually advancing, with novel potential findings arising. A viable strategy for tackling autoimmunity involves employing medicines that target the fundamental mechanisms responsible for immune system dysfunction. Certain drugs may regulate certain immune responses or obstruct inflammatory pathways associated with autoimmune illnesses. Moreover, gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 present possible avenues for altering genes associated with autoimmunity and maybe “disabling” the autoimmune response entirely. Despite existing hurdles, including the assurance of therapeutic efficacy and safety, these novel techniques have the potential to transform the management of autoimmunity in the future.
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Keywords
Autoimmunity, Genetic Switch, CRISPR-Cas9, Dysfunction, Strategic Pathways
Supporting Agencies
No funding source declared.
References
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Bluestone, J. A., & Bour-Jordan, H. (2012). Current and Future Immunomodulation Strategies to Restore Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 4(11), a007542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a007542
Bluestone, J. A., & Tang, Q. (2018). T reg cells—the next frontier of cell therapy. Science, 362(6411), 154–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2688
Busillo, J. M., & Cidlowski, J. A. (2013). The five Rs of glucocorticoid action during inflammation: ready, reinforce, repress, resolve, and restore. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 24(3), 109–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.005
Cai, L., Fisher, A. L., Huang, H., & Xie, Z. (2016). CRISPR-mediated genome editing and human diseases. Genes & Diseases, 3(4), 244–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2016.07.003
Campbell, A. W. (2014). Autoimmunity and the Gut. Autoimmune Diseases, 2014, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/152428
Carballido, J. M., & Santamaria, P. (2019). Taming autoimmunity: Translating antigen-specific approaches to induce immune tolerance. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 216(2), 247–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20182287
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Dazzi, F., Van Laar, J. M., Cope, A., & Tyndall, A. (2007). Cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 9(2), 206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2128
Fauci, A. S. (1983). Corticosteroids in Autoimmune Disease. Hospital Practice, 18(10), 99–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21548331.1983.11702661
Feldmann, M., & Steinman, L. (2005). Design of effective immunotherapy for human autoimmunity. Nature, 435(7042), 612–619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03727
Fishman, J., & Thomson, A. (2015). Clinical Implications of Basic Science Discoveries: Immune Homeostasis and the Microbiome—Dietary and Therapeutic Modulation and Implications for Transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 15(7), 1755–1758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13236
Forero, I. M., Ibarrola, A. S., & Díaz, P. V. (2007). Treatment of autoimmune diseases: A systems biology approach. Drug Discovery Today Therapeutic Strategies, 4(1), 57–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2007.08.005
Fox, I. J., Daley, G. Q., Goldman, S. A., Huard, J., Kamp, T. J., & Trucco, M. (2014). Use of differentiated pluripotent stem cells in replacement therapy for treating disease. Science, 345(6199). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247391
George, J., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2000). Introduction: The Immune System, the Autoimmune State and Autoimmune Disease. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 1–15). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044450331-2/50002-3
Jaycox, J. R., Dai, Y., & Ring, A. M. (2024). Decoding the autoantibody reactome. Science, 383(6684), 705–707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn1034
Kwiatkowski, A. J., Stewart, J. M., Cho, J. J., Avram, D., & Keselowsky, B. G. (2020). Nano and Microparticle Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 9(11). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000164
Lee, M. H., Shin, J. I., Yang, J. W., Lee, K. H., Cha, D. H., Hong, J. B., Park, Y., Choi, E., Tizaoui, K., Koyanagi, A., Jacob, L., Park, S., Kim, J. H., & Smith, L. (2022). Genome Editing Using CRISPR-Cas9 and Autoimmune Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031337
Li, A., Ojogho, O., & Escher, A. (2006). Saving Death: Apoptosis for Intervention in Transplantation and Autoimmunity. Journal of Immunology Research, 13(2–4), 273–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17402520600834704
Li, B., Selmi, C., Tang, R., Gershwin, M. E., & Ma, X. (2018). The microbiome and autoimmunity: a paradigm from the gut–liver axis. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 15(6), 595–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2018.7
Li, T., Yang, Y., Qi, H., Cui, W., Zhang, L., Fu, X., He, X., Liu, M., Li, P., & Yu, T. (2023). CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics: progress and prospects. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 8(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-023-01309-7
Mihaylova, N., & Tchorbanov, A. (2011). New Biotechnologycal Approaches for Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 25(sup1), 24–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5504/bbeq.2011.0130
Moroncini, G., Calogera, G., Benfaremo, D., & Gabrielli, A. (2017). Biologics in Inflammatory Immune-mediated Systemic Diseases. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 18(12), 1008–1016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666171226152448
Mosanya, C. H., & Isaacs, J. D. (2018). Tolerising cellular therapies: what is their promise for autoimmune disease? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 78(3), 297–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214024
Mousa, W. K., Chehadeh, F., & Husband, S. (2022). Microbial dysbiosis in the gut drives systemic autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.906258
Munshi, N. V. (2016). CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeat)/Cas9 System. Circulation, 134(11), 777–779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.024007
Műzes, G., & Sipos, F. (2023). CAR-Based Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases: A Novel Powerful Option. Cells, 12(11), 1534. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12111534
Newman, M., & Ausubel, F. M. (2016). Introduction to Gene Editing and Manipulation Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 115(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cpmb.14
Ogata, A., & Tanaka, T. (2012). Tocilizumab for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. International Journal of Rheumatology, 2012, 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/946048
Oh, S., & Payne, A. S. (2022). Engineering Cell Therapies for Autoimmune Diseases: From Preclinical to Clinical Proof of Concept. Immune Network, 22(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2022.22.e37
Papanastasiou, A. D., Chatzantoni, K., & Mouzaki, A. (2008). Current therapeutic leads for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: stem cell transplantation and inhibition of post-translational modifications of autoantigens. Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 3(10), 1255–1265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/17460441.3.10.1255
Pearson, R. M., Casey, L. M., Hughes, K. R., Miller, S. D., & Shea, L. D. (2017). In vivo reprogramming of immune cells: Technologies for induction of antigen-specific tolerance. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 114, 240–255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.005
Perico, L., Casiraghi, F., Sônego, F., Todeschini, M., Corna, D., Cerullo, D., Pezzotta, A., Isnard-Petit, P., Faravelli, S., Forneris, F., Thiam, K., Benigni, A., & Remuzzi, G. (2024). Bi-specific autoantigen-T cell engagers as targeted immunotherapy for autoreactive B cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335998
Pisetsky, D. S. (2023). Pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 19(8), 509–524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00720-1
Romano, M., Fanelli, G., Albany, C. J., Giganti, G., & Lombardi, G. (2019). Past, Present, and Future of Regulatory T Cell Therapy in Transplantation and Autoimmunity. Frontiers in Immunology, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00043
Rosenblum, M. D., Gratz, I. K., Paw, J. S., & Abbas, A. K. (2012). Treating Human Autoimmunity: Current Practice and Future Prospects. Science Translational Medicine, 4(125). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003504
Sampath, B., Kathirvelu, P., & Sankaranarayanan, K. (2021). Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases. In IntechOpen eBooks. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89749
Smilek, D. E., & St Clair, E. W. (2015). Solving the puzzle of autoimmunity: critical questions. F1000Prime Reports, 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12703/p7-17
Smith, D. A., & Germolec, D. R. (1999). Introduction to immunology and autoimmunity. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(suppl 5), 661–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s5661
Steinman, L. (2004). Immune Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases. Science, 305(5681), 212–216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099896
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How to Cite
Gibson, E. (2024). Could We Switch Off Autoimmunity?. Science Insights, 45(6), 1677–1680. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.24.pe183
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