Is Postoperative Pain a Mediator of Cancerous Mortality?
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
Postoperative pain is considered as a risk factor for the mortality of cancerous patients. Are there convincing evidence demonstrating the causality between them? It is hard to draw a conclusion from the currently available data. Pain itself is an immune suppressor and functions as a tumor-promoting mediator, but it is strongly associated with the pain intensity. The mild-to-moderate pain is a favorable factor to the recovery for patients from surgeries. Everything possesses dual facets: yin and yang balance system. What we need to do is how to take advantage of the favorable from both sides rather than debate which is superior to the other. Yes, even overbalance there, the key necessary for it is to taking measures to keep them on balance.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Postoperative Pain, Cancer, Mortality, Balance, Outcome
This work is supported in part by the Natural Scientific Foundation of China (NSFC, 30901397, 81271242, 81371248), Nanjing Municipal Outstanding Young Scientist in Medical Development (201208009), Nanjing Medical University Grant for Science & Technology Development (08NMUZ033), and Nanjing Municipal Foundation of Medical Science (ZKX10018).
2. Peyton PJ, Myles PS, Silbert BS, Rigg JA, Jamrozik K, Parsons R. Perioperative epidural analgesia and outcome after major abdominal surgery in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 548-54.
3. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, Silbert B, Peyton P, Parsons RW, Collins K. Design of the multicenter Australian study of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in major surgery: the MASTER trial. Control Clin Trials 2000; 21: 244-56.
4. Lu CH, Borel CO, Wu CT, Yeh CC, Jao SW, Chao PC, Wong CS. Combined general-epidural anesthesia decreases the desflurane requirement for equivalent A-line ARX index in colorectal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1063-7.
5. Li Y, Zhu S, Yan M. Combined general/epidural anesthesia (ropivacaine 0.375%) versus general anesthesia for upper abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 1562-5.
6. Welden B, Gates G, Mallari R, Garrett N. Effects of anesthetics and analgesics on natural killer cell activity. AANA J 2009; 77: 287-92.
7. Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S. The immune-suppressive nature of pain. Semin Oncol Nurs 1997; 13: 10-5.
8. Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001; 90: 191-9.
9. Bowalekar SK. Statistics in medical research-II. Measures of central tendency. J Postgrad Med 1993; 39: 166-73.
10. McCluskey A, Lalkhen AG. Statistics II: Central tendency and spread of data. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain. Brit J Anaesth 2007; 7: 127-30.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.