The Function of MicroRNAs in Autoimmune Diseases
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Published
Apr 30, 2022
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of non-coding single-stranded RNAs with a length of around 18-25 nucleotides that play a critical role in the control of gene expression, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as biological growth and development and illness. Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders characterized by tissue and organ damage and resulting dysfunction as a result of autoimmune responses. Numerous studies have discovered that aberrant expression of certain miRNAs may serve as biomarkers for early detection of these diseases or as therapeutic targets. The biological properties of miRNAs and their significance in autoimmune illnesses are discussed in this review.
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Keywords
microRNAs, Autoimmune Diseases, Mechanisms, Diagnosis, Therapeutics
References
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2. Ying SY, Chang DC, Lin SL. The microRNA (miRNA): overview of the RNA genes that modulate gene function. Mol Biotechnol 2008; 38(3):257-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-007-9013-8
3. O’Brien J, Hayder H, Zayed Y, Peng C. Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00402
4. Lau PW, MacRae IJ. The molecular machines that mediate microRNA maturation. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13(1):54-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00520.x
5. Sashital DG, Doudna JA. Structural insights into RNA interference. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20(1):90-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2009.12.001
6. Shukla GC, Singh J, Barik S. MicroRNAs: Processing, maturation, target recognition and regulatory functions. Mol Cell Pharmacol 2011; 3(3):83-92.
7. Fontana L, Pelosi E, Greco P, Racanicchi S, Testa U, Liuzzi F, Croce CM, Brunetti E, Grignani F, Peschle C. MicroRNAs 17-5p-20a-106a control monocytopoiesis through AML1 targeting and M-CSF receptor upregulation. Nat Cell Biol 2007; 9(7):775-787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1613
8. Alwani A, Andreasik A, Szatanek R, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. The role of miRNA in regulating the fate of monocytes in health and cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12(1):100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010100
9. Yuan S, Wu Q, Wang Z, Che Y, Zheng S, Chen Y, Zhong X, Shi F. miR-223: An immune regulator in infectious disorders. Front Immunol; 12:781815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.781815
10. Tahamtan A, Teymoori-Rad M, Nakstad B, Salimi V. Anti-inflammatory microRNAs and their potential for inflammatory diseases Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01377
11. Zhu WD, Xu J, Zhang M, Zhu TM, Zhang YH, Sun K. MicroRNA-21 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting nuclear factor-κB. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16(6):4616-4622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2018.6789
12. Wu Y, Schutt S, Paz K, Zhang M, Flynn RP, Bastian D, Sofi MH, Nguyen H, Dai M, Liu C, Chang YJ, Blazar BR, Yu XZ. MicroRNA-17-92 is required for T-cell and B-cell pathogenicity in chronic graft-versus-host disease in mice. Blood 2018; 131(17):1974-1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-06-789321
13. Grewers Z, Krueger A. MicroRNA miR-181-A rheostat for TCR signaling in thymic selection and peripheral T-Cell function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21(17):6200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176200
14. Kohlhaas S, Garden OA, Scudamore C, Turner M, Okkenhaug K, Vigorito E. Cutting edge: The Foxp3 target miR-155 contributes to the development of regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2009; 182(5):2578-2582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0803162
15. Pashangzadeh S, Motallebnezhad M, Vafashoar F, Khalvandi A, Mojtabavi N. Implications the role of miR-155 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.669382
16. Stahl HF, Fauti T, Ullrich N, Bopp T, Kubach J, Rust W, Labhart P, Alexiadis V, Becker C, Hafner M, Weith A, Lenter MC, Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Mennerich D. miR-155 inhibition sensitizes CD4+ Th cells for TREG mediated suppression. PLoS One 2009; 4(9):e7158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007158
17. Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Fox DA. Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 2008; 223:87-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00628.x
18. Huang J, Xu X, Yang J. miRNAs alter T Helper 17 cell fate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:593473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.593473
19. Murugaiyan G, da Cunha AP, Ajay AK, Joller N, Garo LP, Kumaradevan S, Yosef N, Vaidya VS, Weiner HL. MicroRNA-21 promotes Th17 differentiation and mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125(3):1069-1080. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI74347
20. Khoshmirsafa M, Kianmehr N, Falak R, Mowla SJ, Seif F, Mirzaei B, Valizadeh M, Shekarabi M. Elevated expression of miR-21 and miR-155 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as potential biomarkers for lupus nephritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22(3):458-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13410
21. Sheedy FJ. Turning 21: Induction of miR-21 as a key switch in the inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00019
22. Garchow BG, Bartulos Encinas O, Leung YT, Tsao PY, Eisenberg RA, Caricchio R, Obad S, Petri A, Kauppinen S, Kiriakidou M. Silencing of microRNA-21 in vivo ameliorates autoimmune splenomegaly in lupus mice. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3(10):605-615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/emmm.201100171
23. Casciaro M, Di Salvo E, Brizzi T, Rodolico C, Gangemi S. Involvement of miR-126 in autoimmune disorders. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16:11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12948-018-0089-4
24. Yang G, Wu D, Zeng G, Jiang O, Yuan P, Huang S, Zhu J, Tian J, Weng Y, Rao Z. Correlation between miR-126 expression and DNA hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8(8):8929-8936.
25. Saba R, Sorensen DL, Booth SA. MicroRNA-146a: A dominant, negative regulator of the innate immune response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00578
26. Chi M, Ma K, Li Y, Quan M, Han Z, Ding Z, Liang X, Zhang Q, Song L, Liu C. Immunological involvement of microRNAs in the key events of systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:699684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.699684
27. Ceribelli A, Yao B, Dominguez-Gutierrez PR, Chan EK. Lupus T cells switched on by DNA hypomethylation via microRNA? Arthritis Rheum 2011; 63(5):1177-1181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30192
28. Hughes T, Sawalha AH. The role of epigenetic variation in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13(5):245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3484
29. Qu B, Shen N. miRNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(5):9557-9572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16059557
30. Chan EK, Satoh M, Pauley KM. Contrast in aberrant microRNA expression in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: Is microRNA-146 all we need? Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60(4):912-915. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24421
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How to Cite
Demo, P. M. (2022). The Function of MicroRNAs in Autoimmune Diseases. Science Insights, 40(5), 499–505. https://doi.org/10.15354/si.22.re033
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