Patterns of Bullying Victimization among Adolescents in China: Based on a Latent Profile Analysis
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Nov 30, 2019
Abstract
This study was to explore potential patterns of bullying victimization among adolescents in China. By cluster sampling, Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale-Student (DBVS-S), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (CAD-7) were administered to 3,761 school adolescents in Hunan Province. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on victimization by verbal, physical, social and cyberbullying. We found that (i) There is a high degree of co-occurrence among four subtypes of bullying victimization. Four latent classes were identified, including an all-type (traditional and cyber) bullying victimization class (1.5%), a traditional victimization class (3.9%), a mild traditional victimization class (14.9%), and a non-victimization class (79.6%). (ii) Males, middle school students, rural students and poor students were more likely to be all types of victims. (iii) There was a graded relationship between the four latent classes and the level of depression as well as anxiety.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Bullying Victimization, Co-Occurrence, Latent Profile Analysis, Adolescent, Psychological Health
Supporting Agencies
Hunan Province Natural Science Foundation Project "Tracking the Relationship between Adolescent Bullying Victims and Depression: A Study Based on a Mixed Growth Model of Latent Variables" (2017JJ2184).
References
Bear, G.G., Yang, C., & Mantz, L.(2016). Technical manual for Delaware surveys of school climate, bullying victimization, student engagement, and positive, punitive, and social emotional learning techniques. Retrieved from Univ of Delaware, Center for Disabilities Stus, Positive Beha Supps and Sch Climate,51-65.
Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: a review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30(3):177-188.
Carlyle, K.E., & Steinman, K.J. (2007). Demographic differences in the prevalence, co-occurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at school. J Sch Hlth, 77(9):623–629.
Chen, J.Z., Liu, Z.Y., & Liu, Y. (2013). Characteristics of junior school students’ victimization and its relation with parent-child attachment and peer relationship. Chin J Clin Psychol, 21(5):795-799.
Chen, S.P., & Le, G.A. (2002). Investigation and research on school bullying behavior of primary and middle school students. J Psychol Sci, 25(3):355-356.
Crick, N.R., & Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev, 66(3):710-722.
Genta, M.L., Menesini, E., Fonzi, A., Costabile, A., & Smith, P.K. (1996). Bullies and victims in schools in central and southern Italy. Eur J Psychol Edu, 11(1):97-110.
Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pedia, 123(3):1059-1065.
Gottfredson, D.C., & Dipietro, S.M. (2011). School size, social capital, and student victimization. Socio Edu, 84(1):69-89.
Hawker, D.S.J., & Boulton, M.J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol & Psy & Allied Discies, 41(4):441-455.
Hu, C.G. (2017). School bullying behavior: implications, causes and prevention strategies. Edu Res and Exp, (1):73-79.
Hu, X.C., Zhang, Y.L., Liang, W., Zhang, H.M., & Yang, S.C. (2014). Reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire -9 in Chinese adolescents. Sichuan Mental Hlth, 27(04):357-360.
Li, H.L., Zhang, W.X., & Yu, F.J. (2012). The Relationship Between Victimization and Depression of Adolescents. Psychol Dev & Edu, 28(1):77-82.
Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Comps in Hum Beha, 23(4):1777-1791.
Li, Y.J. (2015). The co-occurrence of adolescent cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Chin J Clin Psychol, 23(2):346-349.
Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence: Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. J Gene Psychol, 170(2):115-133.
Nylund, K., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2007). Subtypes, severity, and structural stability of peer victimization: What does latent class analysis say?. Child Dev, 78(6):1706-1722.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school what we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Qu, S., & Sheng, L. (2015). Diagnostic test of screening generalized anxiety disorders in general hospital psychological department with GAD-7. Chin Mental Hlth J, 29(12):939-944.
Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A.D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Dev Psychol, 43(3):564-575.
Rivers, I., & Smith, P.K. (1994). Types of bullying behavior and their correlates. Aggres Beha, 20(5):359-368.
Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. Hdbook Early Child Interve.
Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J.M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children's peer groups. Dev Psychol, 37(4):520-532.
Smith, P.K., & Myron-Wilson, R. (1998). Parenting and school bullying. Clin Child Psychol & Psychia, 3(3):405-417.
Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol & Psychiatry & Allied Discip, 49(4):376-385.
Su, B.Y., Zhang, J.T., Yu, C.F., & Zhang, W. (2015). Identifying psychological or behavioral problems of college students: based on latent profile analysis. Psychol Dev & Edu, 31(3):350-359.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R.J., Luk, J.W., & Nansel, T.R. (2010). Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber. J Pediat Psychol, 35(10):1103-1112.
Wang, L.X., & Tang, Y.L. (2016). Research on the characteristics and intervention strategies of adolescent mental resilience. Mental Hlth Edu Pri and Sec Sch, 4:4-7.
Wu, F.W., Song, Y.Q., & Huang, X.T. (2016). School bullying: making rural boarding students more "injured" —— an empirical study based on 17,841 rural boarding school students. Manage Pri & Sec Sch, 8:8-11.
Wu, Y.W., & Hou, H.B. (2017). Influence of school bullying and policy response: evidence from rural boarding primary schools. Stud in Labor Econ, 6:36-55.
Xie, J.S., Lu, Y.X., Bear, G.G., Yang, C., Seth, J.M., & Rong, G. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Delaware bullying victimization scale-student. Chin J Clin Psychol, 23(4):594-596.
Xie, J.S., Wei, Y.M., & Bear, G.G. (2018). Revision of Chinese version of Delaware bullying victimization scale-student in adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 26(2):259-263.
Xie, J.S., Xie, L., Chun, Y., Yang, C., Bear, G.G., & Ling, Y. (2016). A comparative study of bullying victimization in Chinese and American adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 24(4):706-709.
Yao, J.L. (2017). China's approach to preventing and controlling student bullying: an analysis of recent policies to control school bullying. J Chin Youth Soc Sci, 1:19-25.
Zhang, H., Ding, X.S., Wang, Q.Y., & Han, C.X. (2016). The Characteristics of psychological resilience of rural left——behind junior middle school students. China J Hlth Psychol, 24(6):928-932.
Zhang, J.T., Jiao, C., & Zhang, M.Q. (2010). Application of latent class analysis in psychological research. Adv in Psychol Sci, 18(12):1991-1998.
Zhang, W.X. (2002). Prevalence and major characteristics of bullying/victimization among primary and junior middle school children. Acta Psychol Sini,34(4):57-64.
Zhang, W.X., Gu, C.H., Wang, M.P., Wang, Y.W., & Kevin, J. (2000). A study on gender differences in bullying among primary and middle school students. Acta Psychol Sini, 23(4):52-56+127-128.
Zhang, X.H., Li, F., Xiang, Z.M., & Wang, Y. (2014). Latent classes of campus victimization and anxiety among children and adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 22(4):631-634.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, S.S., Liu, L., & Lv, X.M. (2015). A comparative study on the structural characteristics of middle school students' traditional and cyber-bullying. Mod Pri & Sec Edu, 31(8):58-62.
Zhao, Y.J., & Wang, S.Y. (2018). Prevention and control of schools bullying and schools violence. China J Sch Hlth, 39(09):1281-1283.
Zhu, Y.H., Chen, Q., & Zhou, H.Z. (2014). Review and latest development of cyberbullying research abroad. China Youth Stud, 11:80-85.
Björkqvist, K. (1994). Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: a review of recent research. Sex Roles, 30(3):177-188.
Carlyle, K.E., & Steinman, K.J. (2007). Demographic differences in the prevalence, co-occurrence, and correlates of adolescent bullying at school. J Sch Hlth, 77(9):623–629.
Chen, J.Z., Liu, Z.Y., & Liu, Y. (2013). Characteristics of junior school students’ victimization and its relation with parent-child attachment and peer relationship. Chin J Clin Psychol, 21(5):795-799.
Chen, S.P., & Le, G.A. (2002). Investigation and research on school bullying behavior of primary and middle school students. J Psychol Sci, 25(3):355-356.
Crick, N.R., & Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Dev, 66(3):710-722.
Genta, M.L., Menesini, E., Fonzi, A., Costabile, A., & Smith, P.K. (1996). Bullies and victims in schools in central and southern Italy. Eur J Psychol Edu, 11(1):97-110.
Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pedia, 123(3):1059-1065.
Gottfredson, D.C., & Dipietro, S.M. (2011). School size, social capital, and student victimization. Socio Edu, 84(1):69-89.
Hawker, D.S.J., & Boulton, M.J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol & Psy & Allied Discies, 41(4):441-455.
Hu, C.G. (2017). School bullying behavior: implications, causes and prevention strategies. Edu Res and Exp, (1):73-79.
Hu, X.C., Zhang, Y.L., Liang, W., Zhang, H.M., & Yang, S.C. (2014). Reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire -9 in Chinese adolescents. Sichuan Mental Hlth, 27(04):357-360.
Li, H.L., Zhang, W.X., & Yu, F.J. (2012). The Relationship Between Victimization and Depression of Adolescents. Psychol Dev & Edu, 28(1):77-82.
Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Comps in Hum Beha, 23(4):1777-1791.
Li, Y.J. (2015). The co-occurrence of adolescent cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Chin J Clin Psychol, 23(2):346-349.
Menesini, E., Modena, M., & Tani, F. (2009). Bullying and victimization in adolescence: Concurrent and stable roles and psychological health symptoms. J Gene Psychol, 170(2):115-133.
Nylund, K., Bellmore, A., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. (2007). Subtypes, severity, and structural stability of peer victimization: What does latent class analysis say?. Child Dev, 78(6):1706-1722.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school what we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Qu, S., & Sheng, L. (2015). Diagnostic test of screening generalized anxiety disorders in general hospital psychological department with GAD-7. Chin Mental Hlth J, 29(12):939-944.
Raskauskas, J., & Stoltz, A.D. (2007). Involvement in traditional and electronic bullying among adolescents. Dev Psychol, 43(3):564-575.
Rivers, I., & Smith, P.K. (1994). Types of bullying behavior and their correlates. Aggres Beha, 20(5):359-368.
Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. Hdbook Early Child Interve.
Schwartz, D., Chang, L., & Farver, J.M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children's peer groups. Dev Psychol, 37(4):520-532.
Smith, P.K., & Myron-Wilson, R. (1998). Parenting and school bullying. Clin Child Psychol & Psychia, 3(3):405-417.
Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol & Psychiatry & Allied Discip, 49(4):376-385.
Su, B.Y., Zhang, J.T., Yu, C.F., & Zhang, W. (2015). Identifying psychological or behavioral problems of college students: based on latent profile analysis. Psychol Dev & Edu, 31(3):350-359.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R.J., Luk, J.W., & Nansel, T.R. (2010). Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber. J Pediat Psychol, 35(10):1103-1112.
Wang, L.X., & Tang, Y.L. (2016). Research on the characteristics and intervention strategies of adolescent mental resilience. Mental Hlth Edu Pri and Sec Sch, 4:4-7.
Wu, F.W., Song, Y.Q., & Huang, X.T. (2016). School bullying: making rural boarding students more "injured" —— an empirical study based on 17,841 rural boarding school students. Manage Pri & Sec Sch, 8:8-11.
Wu, Y.W., & Hou, H.B. (2017). Influence of school bullying and policy response: evidence from rural boarding primary schools. Stud in Labor Econ, 6:36-55.
Xie, J.S., Lu, Y.X., Bear, G.G., Yang, C., Seth, J.M., & Rong, G. (2015). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Delaware bullying victimization scale-student. Chin J Clin Psychol, 23(4):594-596.
Xie, J.S., Wei, Y.M., & Bear, G.G. (2018). Revision of Chinese version of Delaware bullying victimization scale-student in adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 26(2):259-263.
Xie, J.S., Xie, L., Chun, Y., Yang, C., Bear, G.G., & Ling, Y. (2016). A comparative study of bullying victimization in Chinese and American adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 24(4):706-709.
Yao, J.L. (2017). China's approach to preventing and controlling student bullying: an analysis of recent policies to control school bullying. J Chin Youth Soc Sci, 1:19-25.
Zhang, H., Ding, X.S., Wang, Q.Y., & Han, C.X. (2016). The Characteristics of psychological resilience of rural left——behind junior middle school students. China J Hlth Psychol, 24(6):928-932.
Zhang, J.T., Jiao, C., & Zhang, M.Q. (2010). Application of latent class analysis in psychological research. Adv in Psychol Sci, 18(12):1991-1998.
Zhang, W.X. (2002). Prevalence and major characteristics of bullying/victimization among primary and junior middle school children. Acta Psychol Sini,34(4):57-64.
Zhang, W.X., Gu, C.H., Wang, M.P., Wang, Y.W., & Kevin, J. (2000). A study on gender differences in bullying among primary and middle school students. Acta Psychol Sini, 23(4):52-56+127-128.
Zhang, X.H., Li, F., Xiang, Z.M., & Wang, Y. (2014). Latent classes of campus victimization and anxiety among children and adolescents. Chin J Clin Psychol, 22(4):631-634.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, S.S., Liu, L., & Lv, X.M. (2015). A comparative study on the structural characteristics of middle school students' traditional and cyber-bullying. Mod Pri & Sec Edu, 31(8):58-62.
Zhao, Y.J., & Wang, S.Y. (2018). Prevention and control of schools bullying and schools violence. China J Sch Hlth, 39(09):1281-1283.
Zhu, Y.H., Chen, Q., & Zhou, H.Z. (2014). Review and latest development of cyberbullying research abroad. China Youth Stud, 11:80-85.
How to Cite
Wei, Y., Xie, J., & Zhu, Z. (2019). Patterns of Bullying Victimization among Adolescents in China: Based on a Latent Profile Analysis. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 3(2), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.19.ar1270
Issue
Section
Article
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.