Developing Equitable and Balanced Compulsory Education in Chinese County Regions: Achievements and Challenges
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Published
Sep 30, 2023
Abstract
The balanced development of county-level compulsory education is of vital significance for realizing quality and equity in education in China. This article expounded on the accomplishments China made in developing equitable compulsory education at the county level in terms of educational input, staffing, and educational quality. It also displayed the challenges and complications the country faces in this area, using facts and data from a number of counties as evidence.
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Keywords
Compulsory Education, Balanced Development, Chinese Counties
References
Ding, X., & Wu, Z. (2015). The capacity of urban compulsory education resources in the new round of urbanization. Modern Education Management, 2015(3):21-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16697/j.cnki.xdjygl2015.03.001
Education Inspection Office of the Ministry of Education of China. (2022). The National Inspection and Evaluation of the Development of Balanced Compulsory Education in Counties. China Education News Network. 2022-06-21. Available at: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1736209343526715298&wfr=spider&for=pc
Fan, H. (2019). Optimizing strategies for “Closing Teaching Sites and Merging Schools” among rural primary and secondary schools in Minqin County (master’s thesis). Northwest Normal University. 2019. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202001&filename=1019059017.nh
Fan, X., & Zhan, Z. (2016). The Development of Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas of Chinese counties: Problems, Causes, and Countermeasures. Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2016(6):59-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16614/j.cnki.issn1001-733x.2016.06.013
Guo, X. (2017). Poverty Alleviation: Breakthroughs in the development of balanced compulsory education in extremely impoverished counties. Proceedings of the 2017 International Rural Education Conference on Rural Transformation through Education. p.78-85.
Huang, L. (2020). How to eradicate “large-size classes”: A case study of Chengxi District of Xining City. Qinghai Education, 2020(1):38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0529-3502.200.01.021
Jiao, J. (2014). Questions on compulsory education policies in China’s urbanization process (master’s thesis). Tianjin Normal University. 2014. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201402&filename=1014320757.nh
Li, Y. (2020). Education work on public-funded students at teachers’ universities: A case study of public-funded students of teachers’ universities in Henan Province. Students, Parents, and Society (School Education), 2020(7):1-2.
Ministry of Education of China. (2007). The Measures for the Implementation of Free Education for Students of Teachers’ Universities Affiliated to the Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education of China. 2007. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7058/200605/t20060519_81622.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2008). Construction Standards of Regular Primary and Secondary Schools in Rural Areas (Construction Standard 109-2008). Beijing: China Planning Press. 2008.
Ministry of Education of China. (2012a). Notice of the Ministry of Education on Issuing the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Education. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2012(28):24-57.
Ministry of Education of China. (2012b). Notice of the General Offices of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education on Issuing the “Work Plan for Monitoring and Evaluating the Implementation of the Nutrition Improvement Program and Health Status of Rural Compulsory Education Students (Trial)”. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2012(6):15-18.
Ministry of Education of China. (2015). Compulsory education still faces multiple complications: The dual challenge of packed urban schools and disadvantaged rural schools. Directory of Colleges/Departments/Research Institutes of Education. 2015.
Ministry of Education of China. (2020). Opinions of the Ministry of Education and Other Five Ministries on Increasing Rural Teacher Supply in the New Era. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2020(9):31-35.
Ministry of Education of China (2022). Statistical Report on China’s Educational Achievements in 2021. Ministry of Education of China. 2022-09-15. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-09/15/content_5710039.htm
Ministry of Education of China. (2023a). Statistical Report on China’s Educational Achievements in 2022. Ministry of Education of China. 2023-04-03. Available at: http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/reports/202304/t20230403_1054100.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2023b). The 100% internet access rate among Chinese primary and secondary schools (including teaching sites). Ministry of Education of China. 2023-02-09. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_zt/moe_357/2023/2023_zt01/mtbd/202302/t20230213_1044232.html
People’s Government of Shilin Yi Autonomous County. (2023). Statistical Report on the Educational Development in Shilin Yi Autonomous County 2022. Office of the People’s Government of Shilin Yi Autonomous County. 2023. Available at: http://www.kmsl.gov.cn/c/2023-04-13/6622719.shtml
Qi, T. (2019). Challenges and paths to the balanced development of compulsory education in Chinese counties (master’s thesis). Northeast Petroleum University. 2019. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202001&filename=1019079318.nh
State Council of China. (2001). Decisions of the State Council on the Reform and Development of Basic Education. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2001(23):25-32.
State Council of China. (2003). Decisions of the State Council on Further Strengthening Rural Education Work. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2003(31):5-10.
State Council of China. (2006). Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2006(23):7-12.
State Council of China. (2012). Opinions of the State Council on Intensifying the Development of Balanced Compulsory Education. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2012(26):39-42.
State Council of China. (2015). Opinions on Further Improving the Basic Operational Conditions of Disadvantaged Compulsory Education Schools in Impoverished Areas. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2015(Z2):79-80.
UNESCO TEC. (2020). Abstract of the “National In-service Teacher Training Program” Blue Book (2010-2019). Teacher Education Centre under the Auspices of UNESCO. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/fbh/live/2020/52439/sfcl/202009/t20200904_485104.html?eqid=fdc4aee70017b324000000036498f127
Wang, C., & He, Q. (2014). The teacher rotation system in county-level compulsory education in China: Current state, problems, and countermeasures: An analysis based on relevant policies in 31 provincial administrative regions. Journal of Education Science of Hunan Normal University, 13(5):5-12+27.
Wang, H. (2016). Empirical Study on Dropout Issues in Rural Junior Secondary Schools from the Perspective of Human Capital (doctoral dissertation). Northwest University. 2016. https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CDFDLAST2017&filename=1017037915.nh
Wang, P. (2023, January 9). Challenges projected to be faced by rural education in the future. China Youth Daily. p.006.
Wang, Z. (2012). Ideas of city development in China in the wave of urbanization. Urban and Rural Development, 2012(9):34-36+4.
Wei, Y. (2013). Introduction to the Report on Household Educational Expenditure in China 2021. CIEFR-PKU. 2023-07-08. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?
__biz=MjM5NzYwMTgzNQ==&mid=2649252509&idx=1&sn=394a3ce7e13f2d2c541cd256dd5970eb&chksm=becbb5d989bc3ccf8751c8f17ca6c3f22d3a7b3decad70469e3e27288912e32908bfbda12760&scene=27
Wu, T. (2019). Rural education in the process of urbanization (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201902&filename=1019847989.nh
Xiang, K., Mou, F., & Cao, H. (2021). Needs, outcomes, and measures of financial investment in the “Improving Operational Conditions of Disadvantaged Compulsory Education Schools Program” from the perspective of balanced education: An analysis based on a survey of four cities in Hubei Province. Journal of Wuhan Technical College of Communication, 2021(2020-4):17-24.
Yan, Y. (2015). Local implementation of policies for the “Free Education Program” (master’s thesis). Hebei Normal University. 2015. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202102&filename=1015354487.nh
Zhang, C. (2021, December 24). The percentage of students with up-to-par physical health has increased from 70.3% in 2012 to 86.7% in 2021: How the Nutrition Improvement Program enhances the physical fitness of a young generation. China Youth Daily. Available at: http://wap.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202112/t20211224_589891.html
Zhang, J. (2023). The Current State of Professional Burnout, Quality of Work and Life, and Social Support among “Special Position” Teachers and Their Relationships (doctoral dissertation). Yunnan Normal University. 2023.
Zhang, S. (2013). The flaws and remedies in the management of commuting for students at merged rural primary schools. Journal of Educational Development, 2013(4):68-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16215/j.cnki.cn44-1371/g4.2013.04.012
Zhang, X. (2023). Empowering digital transformation with the National Platform of Smart Education: A commentary on the first anniversary of the launch of the National Smart Education Public Service Platform. China Education News. 2023-03-28. Available at: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1761576276758828034&wfr=spider&for=pc
Zheng, S., & Wu, Z. (2018). Towards equity of quality education: The evolution of policies regarding China’s educational equity. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 2018(05):29-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14138/j.1001-4519.2018.05.002909
Zhou, Z. (2018). Problems with the professional development of rural primary and secondary school teachers and countermeasures. Course Education Research, 2018(22):37.
Education Inspection Office of the Ministry of Education of China. (2022). The National Inspection and Evaluation of the Development of Balanced Compulsory Education in Counties. China Education News Network. 2022-06-21. Available at: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1736209343526715298&wfr=spider&for=pc
Fan, H. (2019). Optimizing strategies for “Closing Teaching Sites and Merging Schools” among rural primary and secondary schools in Minqin County (master’s thesis). Northwest Normal University. 2019. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202001&filename=1019059017.nh
Fan, X., & Zhan, Z. (2016). The Development of Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas of Chinese counties: Problems, Causes, and Countermeasures. Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2016(6):59-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16614/j.cnki.issn1001-733x.2016.06.013
Guo, X. (2017). Poverty Alleviation: Breakthroughs in the development of balanced compulsory education in extremely impoverished counties. Proceedings of the 2017 International Rural Education Conference on Rural Transformation through Education. p.78-85.
Huang, L. (2020). How to eradicate “large-size classes”: A case study of Chengxi District of Xining City. Qinghai Education, 2020(1):38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0529-3502.200.01.021
Jiao, J. (2014). Questions on compulsory education policies in China’s urbanization process (master’s thesis). Tianjin Normal University. 2014. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201402&filename=1014320757.nh
Li, Y. (2020). Education work on public-funded students at teachers’ universities: A case study of public-funded students of teachers’ universities in Henan Province. Students, Parents, and Society (School Education), 2020(7):1-2.
Ministry of Education of China. (2007). The Measures for the Implementation of Free Education for Students of Teachers’ Universities Affiliated to the Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education of China. 2007. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7058/200605/t20060519_81622.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2008). Construction Standards of Regular Primary and Secondary Schools in Rural Areas (Construction Standard 109-2008). Beijing: China Planning Press. 2008.
Ministry of Education of China. (2012a). Notice of the Ministry of Education on Issuing the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Development of National Education. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2012(28):24-57.
Ministry of Education of China. (2012b). Notice of the General Offices of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education on Issuing the “Work Plan for Monitoring and Evaluating the Implementation of the Nutrition Improvement Program and Health Status of Rural Compulsory Education Students (Trial)”. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2012(6):15-18.
Ministry of Education of China. (2015). Compulsory education still faces multiple complications: The dual challenge of packed urban schools and disadvantaged rural schools. Directory of Colleges/Departments/Research Institutes of Education. 2015.
Ministry of Education of China. (2020). Opinions of the Ministry of Education and Other Five Ministries on Increasing Rural Teacher Supply in the New Era. Bulletins of the Ministry of Education of China, 2020(9):31-35.
Ministry of Education of China (2022). Statistical Report on China’s Educational Achievements in 2021. Ministry of Education of China. 2022-09-15. Available at: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-09/15/content_5710039.htm
Ministry of Education of China. (2023a). Statistical Report on China’s Educational Achievements in 2022. Ministry of Education of China. 2023-04-03. Available at: http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/reports/202304/t20230403_1054100.html
Ministry of Education of China. (2023b). The 100% internet access rate among Chinese primary and secondary schools (including teaching sites). Ministry of Education of China. 2023-02-09. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/xw_zt/moe_357/2023/2023_zt01/mtbd/202302/t20230213_1044232.html
People’s Government of Shilin Yi Autonomous County. (2023). Statistical Report on the Educational Development in Shilin Yi Autonomous County 2022. Office of the People’s Government of Shilin Yi Autonomous County. 2023. Available at: http://www.kmsl.gov.cn/c/2023-04-13/6622719.shtml
Qi, T. (2019). Challenges and paths to the balanced development of compulsory education in Chinese counties (master’s thesis). Northeast Petroleum University. 2019. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202001&filename=1019079318.nh
State Council of China. (2001). Decisions of the State Council on the Reform and Development of Basic Education. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2001(23):25-32.
State Council of China. (2003). Decisions of the State Council on Further Strengthening Rural Education Work. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2003(31):5-10.
State Council of China. (2006). Compulsory Education Law of the People’s Republic of China. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2006(23):7-12.
State Council of China. (2012). Opinions of the State Council on Intensifying the Development of Balanced Compulsory Education. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2012(26):39-42.
State Council of China. (2015). Opinions on Further Improving the Basic Operational Conditions of Disadvantaged Compulsory Education Schools in Impoverished Areas. Bulletins of the State Council of China, 2015(Z2):79-80.
UNESCO TEC. (2020). Abstract of the “National In-service Teacher Training Program” Blue Book (2010-2019). Teacher Education Centre under the Auspices of UNESCO. 2020. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/fbh/live/2020/52439/sfcl/202009/t20200904_485104.html?eqid=fdc4aee70017b324000000036498f127
Wang, C., & He, Q. (2014). The teacher rotation system in county-level compulsory education in China: Current state, problems, and countermeasures: An analysis based on relevant policies in 31 provincial administrative regions. Journal of Education Science of Hunan Normal University, 13(5):5-12+27.
Wang, H. (2016). Empirical Study on Dropout Issues in Rural Junior Secondary Schools from the Perspective of Human Capital (doctoral dissertation). Northwest University. 2016. https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CDFDLAST2017&filename=1017037915.nh
Wang, P. (2023, January 9). Challenges projected to be faced by rural education in the future. China Youth Daily. p.006.
Wang, Z. (2012). Ideas of city development in China in the wave of urbanization. Urban and Rural Development, 2012(9):34-36+4.
Wei, Y. (2013). Introduction to the Report on Household Educational Expenditure in China 2021. CIEFR-PKU. 2023-07-08. Available at: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?
__biz=MjM5NzYwMTgzNQ==&mid=2649252509&idx=1&sn=394a3ce7e13f2d2c541cd256dd5970eb&chksm=becbb5d989bc3ccf8751c8f17ca6c3f22d3a7b3decad70469e3e27288912e32908bfbda12760&scene=27
Wu, T. (2019). Rural education in the process of urbanization (master’s thesis). Guangxi Normal University. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD201902&filename=1019847989.nh
Xiang, K., Mou, F., & Cao, H. (2021). Needs, outcomes, and measures of financial investment in the “Improving Operational Conditions of Disadvantaged Compulsory Education Schools Program” from the perspective of balanced education: An analysis based on a survey of four cities in Hubei Province. Journal of Wuhan Technical College of Communication, 2021(2020-4):17-24.
Yan, Y. (2015). Local implementation of policies for the “Free Education Program” (master’s thesis). Hebei Normal University. 2015. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbname=CMFD202102&filename=1015354487.nh
Zhang, C. (2021, December 24). The percentage of students with up-to-par physical health has increased from 70.3% in 2012 to 86.7% in 2021: How the Nutrition Improvement Program enhances the physical fitness of a young generation. China Youth Daily. Available at: http://wap.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s5147/202112/t20211224_589891.html
Zhang, J. (2023). The Current State of Professional Burnout, Quality of Work and Life, and Social Support among “Special Position” Teachers and Their Relationships (doctoral dissertation). Yunnan Normal University. 2023.
Zhang, S. (2013). The flaws and remedies in the management of commuting for students at merged rural primary schools. Journal of Educational Development, 2013(4):68-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16215/j.cnki.cn44-1371/g4.2013.04.012
Zhang, X. (2023). Empowering digital transformation with the National Platform of Smart Education: A commentary on the first anniversary of the launch of the National Smart Education Public Service Platform. China Education News. 2023-03-28. Available at: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1761576276758828034&wfr=spider&for=pc
Zheng, S., & Wu, Z. (2018). Towards equity of quality education: The evolution of policies regarding China’s educational equity. Tsinghua Journal of Education, 2018(05):29-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14138/j.1001-4519.2018.05.002909
Zhou, Z. (2018). Problems with the professional development of rural primary and secondary school teachers and countermeasures. Course Education Research, 2018(22):37.
How to Cite
Yang, S. (2023). Developing Equitable and Balanced Compulsory Education in Chinese County Regions: Achievements and Challenges . Science Insights Education Frontiers, 18(1), 2863–2876. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.23.re282
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