A Implementation of Project Based Learning (PjBL) in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Analysis of International Practices and Theoretical Foundations
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Feb 28, 2025
Abstract
Project Based Learning (PjBL) has emerged as a promising approach in mathematics education. This study aims to analyze the implementation of project-based learning (PjBL) internationally in mathematics education and to identify the underlying learning theories, such as the method of writing an article through SLR. A systematic literature review uses the “Publish or Perish” application for Scopus and Crossref searches. The selection criteria include accredited journal articles from Sinta 1, Sinta 2, or those already accredited by Scopus from 2014 to 2024 in English, focusing on mathematics/mathematics education. Out of the ten selected articles, further analysis was conducted. PjBL effectively enhances academic achievement. 21st-century skills include critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, communication, creativity, technological literacy, and student motivation in mathematics education across various countries. Implementing the PjBL model in mathematics involves a series of well-defined steps: presenting problems, preparing project plans and schedules, forming effective teams, providing support, integrating with the curriculum, using visual media, presenting and evaluating results, and reflecting on the process. The implementation challenges include inflexible schedules and teachers’ need for more professional skills. The theories underlying the effectiveness of PjBL include constructivism, social learning, experiential learning, multiple intelligences, contextual learning, motivation, and problem-solving. PjBL shows significant potential in enhancing international mathematics learning. Implementation success depends on thorough preparation, appropriate support, and adjustments to the local context. Further research is needed to optimize the integration of PjBL with traditional methods, address implementation challenges, and analyze its long-term impacts.
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Keywords
Project-Based Learning, Mathematics Learning, Learning Theory, Systematic Literature Review
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No funding sources declared.
References
Abd-El-Khalick, F. & Lederman, N., G., (2000a). Improving science teachers’ conceptions of nature of science: A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Science Education, 22(7), 665-701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690050044044
Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Lederman, N. G. (2000b). The influence of history of science courses on students’ views of nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(10), 1057-1095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2736(200012)37:10<1057::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-C
Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Akerson, V. L. (2004). Learning as conceptualchange: Factors mediating the development of preservice elementary teachers’ views of nature of science. Science Education, 88(5), 785-810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.10143
Aifan, H. (2021). Implementing a project-based collaborative learning approach using PowerPoint to improve students’ 21st- century skills. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19, 258-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211030642
Ayaz, M. F., & Söylemez, M. (2015). The effect of the project-based learning approach on the academic achievements of the students in science classes in Turkey: A meta-analysis study. Egitim ve Bilim, 40(178), 255-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.4000
Azizah, Z., Solfema, Hadiyanto, Gistituanti, N., Iswari, M., & Jamaris. (2023). Project Based Learning with an Andragogical Approach in Equality Education Package C: a Review. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS). DOI: https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v2i4.359
Bray, A., & Tangney, B. (2016). Enhancing student engagement through the affordances of mobile technology: a 21st century learning perspective on Realistic Mathematics Education. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 28(1), 173-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-015-0158-7
Chikurteva, A., & Chikurtev, D. (2020). Model of Project-Based Learning Platform. 2020 55th International Scientific Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST), 81-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEST49890.2020.9232753
Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Holum, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship making thinking visible. american educator. American Educator, 1-18.
del Valle-Ramón, D., Muñoz-Repiso, A. G. V., & Gómez-Pablos, V. B. (2020). Project-based learning through the youtube platform for teaching mathematics in primary education. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.20272
Diego-Mantecon, J. M., Prodromou, T., Lavicza, Z., Blanco, T. F., & Ortiz-Laso, Z. (2021). An attempt to evaluate STEAM project-based instruction from a school mathematics perspective. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 53(5), 1137-1148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01303-9
Fernandes, S., Mesquita, D., Flores, M., & Lima, R. M. (2014). Engaging students in learning: findings from a study of project-led education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 39, 55-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2013.833170
Frykholm, J., & Glasson, G. (2005). Connecting Science and Mathematics Instruction: Pedagogical Context Knowledge for Teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 105(3), 127-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2005.tb18047.x
Guo, P., Saab, N., Post, L. S., & Admiraal, W. (2020). A review of project-based learning in higher education: Student outcomes and measures. International Journal of Educational Research, 102, 101586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101586
Han, S., Capraro, R., & Capraro, M. M. (2015). How Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Stem) Project-Based Learning (Pbl) Affects High, Middle, and Low Achievers Differently: the Impact of Student Factors on Achievement. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(5), 1089-1113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9526-0
Hartono, S. (2018). Using Project Based Learning (PBL) Design to Expand Mathematics Students’ Understanding: A Case Study in Statistics Problem. Global Research in Higher Education, 1(1), 98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/grhe.v1n1p98
Himmi, N., Dewi, I., & Ahyaningsih, F. (2023). Epistemological and Ethical Philosophy of Mathematics In 21st Century Mathematics Learning Practices. Mathline : Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 8(4), 1507-1520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v8i4.547
Hossein-Mohand, H., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., Gómez-García, M., Hossein-Mohand, H., & Campos-Soto, A. (2021). Analysis of the use and integration of the flipped learning model, project-based learning, and gamification methodologies by secondary school mathematics teachers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052606
Kokotsaki, D, Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19, 267-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Kokotsaki, Dimitra, Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning : a review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267-277. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (2013). Legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice. In Distributed Learning: Social and Cultural Approaches to Practice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996287-11
Lazić, B. D., Knežević, J. B., & Maričić, S. M. (2021). The influence of project-based learning on student achievement in elementary mathematics education. South African Journal of Education, 41(3), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v41n3a1909
Lizunkov, V., Politsinskaya, E., & Gazin, K. A. (2020). The Architecture of Project-Based Learning in the Supplementary Vocational Education System in a Higher Education. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn., 15, 227-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i04.11694
Martínez, C. (2022). Developing 21st century teaching skills: A case study of teaching and learning through project-based curriculum. Cogent Education, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.2024936
Mdaka, M. J., Modiba, M., & Ndlovu, M. (2023). Social Time as a Pedagogical Toll for Meaningful Mathematics Teaching and Deeper Learning. Mathematics Teaching-Research Journal, 15(2), 165-181.
Monika, P. S., Suharno, S., & Rahmasari, L. (2023). Effectiveness of Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Problem Based Learning (STEM PBL) and Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Project Based Learning (STEM PjBL) to Improve Critical Thinking Ability. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9593-9599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.4910
Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2012). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of Information Systems Research. SSRN Electronic Journal, December, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1954824
Ozório, F. J. D. G., Cavalcante, P., Pitombeira, A. L. F., Junior, G. V. de L., Almeida, S. M. N. de, Almeida, E. R., Souza, A. M. da C., & Paim, I. D. M. (2021). Project Model Canvas’ Contributions to the Project-Based Learning Method. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31686/IJIER.VOL9.ISS1.2916
Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. In Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887
Remijan, K. W. (2016). Project-based learning and design-focused projects to motivate secondary mathematics students. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1520
Rozhkova, S. V., Ustinova, I. G., Yanuschik, O. V., & Korytov, I. V. (2020). The use of the project-based learning in the study of the course of mathematical analysis. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1134 AISC(April 2023), 871-879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40274-7_85
Septian, A., Darhim, & Prabawanto, S. (2020). Mathematical representation ability through geogebra-assisted project-based learning models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1657(1), 0-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012019
Siemens, G., Onderwijsdagen, S., Age, D., Design, E., Downes, S., & Verhagen, P. (2005). Connectivism : a new learning theory ? Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 1-5. http://elearning.surf.nl/e-learning/english/3793
Sumartini, T. S., Rahayu, D. V, Noordiana, M. A., Lurytawati, I. P., & Mardiani, D. (2019). Student pedagogical content knowledge through project based learning models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/4/042051
Suri, H. (2020). Analysis , Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. In Research Methods in Education (8th ed., Issue 2018, pp. 427-439). Routledge.
Tamim, S. R., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Definitions and Uses: Case Study of Teachers Implementing Project-based Learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1323
Tarakova, B. (2022). Model for Project-Based Training at the Intersection Point of General and Vocational Education. Vocational Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53656/voc22-17mod
Viro, E., Lehtoncn, D., Joutscnlahti, J., & Tahvanainen, V. (2020). Teachers’ perspectives on project-based learning in mathematics and science. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 8(1), 12-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9544
Zayyinah, Z., Erman, E., Supardi, Z., Hariyono, E., & Prahani, B. (2022). STEAM-Integrated Project Based Learning Models: Alternative to Improve 21st Century Skills. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211229.039
Zimmerman. (2022). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions. Routledge, 5841(April), 315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102
Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Lederman, N. G. (2000b). The influence of history of science courses on students’ views of nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(10), 1057-1095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2736(200012)37:10<1057::AID-TEA3>3.0.CO;2-C
Abd-El-Khalick, F., & Akerson, V. L. (2004). Learning as conceptualchange: Factors mediating the development of preservice elementary teachers’ views of nature of science. Science Education, 88(5), 785-810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.10143
Aifan, H. (2021). Implementing a project-based collaborative learning approach using PowerPoint to improve students’ 21st- century skills. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19, 258-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211030642
Ayaz, M. F., & Söylemez, M. (2015). The effect of the project-based learning approach on the academic achievements of the students in science classes in Turkey: A meta-analysis study. Egitim ve Bilim, 40(178), 255-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2015.4000
Azizah, Z., Solfema, Hadiyanto, Gistituanti, N., Iswari, M., & Jamaris. (2023). Project Based Learning with an Andragogical Approach in Equality Education Package C: a Review. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS). DOI: https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v2i4.359
Bray, A., & Tangney, B. (2016). Enhancing student engagement through the affordances of mobile technology: a 21st century learning perspective on Realistic Mathematics Education. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 28(1), 173-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-015-0158-7
Chikurteva, A., & Chikurtev, D. (2020). Model of Project-Based Learning Platform. 2020 55th International Scientific Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST), 81-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEST49890.2020.9232753
Collins, A., Brown, J. S., & Holum, A. (1991). Cognitive apprenticeship making thinking visible. american educator. American Educator, 1-18.
del Valle-Ramón, D., Muñoz-Repiso, A. G. V., & Gómez-Pablos, V. B. (2020). Project-based learning through the youtube platform for teaching mathematics in primary education. Education in the Knowledge Society, 21, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14201/eks.20272
Diego-Mantecon, J. M., Prodromou, T., Lavicza, Z., Blanco, T. F., & Ortiz-Laso, Z. (2021). An attempt to evaluate STEAM project-based instruction from a school mathematics perspective. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 53(5), 1137-1148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01303-9
Fernandes, S., Mesquita, D., Flores, M., & Lima, R. M. (2014). Engaging students in learning: findings from a study of project-led education. European Journal of Engineering Education, 39, 55-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2013.833170
Frykholm, J., & Glasson, G. (2005). Connecting Science and Mathematics Instruction: Pedagogical Context Knowledge for Teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 105(3), 127-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2005.tb18047.x
Guo, P., Saab, N., Post, L. S., & Admiraal, W. (2020). A review of project-based learning in higher education: Student outcomes and measures. International Journal of Educational Research, 102, 101586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101586
Han, S., Capraro, R., & Capraro, M. M. (2015). How Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Stem) Project-Based Learning (Pbl) Affects High, Middle, and Low Achievers Differently: the Impact of Student Factors on Achievement. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(5), 1089-1113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9526-0
Hartono, S. (2018). Using Project Based Learning (PBL) Design to Expand Mathematics Students’ Understanding: A Case Study in Statistics Problem. Global Research in Higher Education, 1(1), 98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/grhe.v1n1p98
Himmi, N., Dewi, I., & Ahyaningsih, F. (2023). Epistemological and Ethical Philosophy of Mathematics In 21st Century Mathematics Learning Practices. Mathline : Jurnal Matematika Dan Pendidikan Matematika, 8(4), 1507-1520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31943/mathline.v8i4.547
Hossein-Mohand, H., Trujillo-Torres, J. M., Gómez-García, M., Hossein-Mohand, H., & Campos-Soto, A. (2021). Analysis of the use and integration of the flipped learning model, project-based learning, and gamification methodologies by secondary school mathematics teachers. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052606
Kokotsaki, D, Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning: A review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19, 267-277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Kokotsaki, Dimitra, Menzies, V., & Wiggins, A. (2016). Project-based learning : a review of the literature. Improving Schools, 19(3), 267-277. DOI: https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480216659733
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (2013). Legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice. In Distributed Learning: Social and Cultural Approaches to Practice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996287-11
Lazić, B. D., Knežević, J. B., & Maričić, S. M. (2021). The influence of project-based learning on student achievement in elementary mathematics education. South African Journal of Education, 41(3), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v41n3a1909
Lizunkov, V., Politsinskaya, E., & Gazin, K. A. (2020). The Architecture of Project-Based Learning in the Supplementary Vocational Education System in a Higher Education. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn., 15, 227-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i04.11694
Martínez, C. (2022). Developing 21st century teaching skills: A case study of teaching and learning through project-based curriculum. Cogent Education, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.2024936
Mdaka, M. J., Modiba, M., & Ndlovu, M. (2023). Social Time as a Pedagogical Toll for Meaningful Mathematics Teaching and Deeper Learning. Mathematics Teaching-Research Journal, 15(2), 165-181.
Monika, P. S., Suharno, S., & Rahmasari, L. (2023). Effectiveness of Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Problem Based Learning (STEM PBL) and Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Project Based Learning (STEM PjBL) to Improve Critical Thinking Ability. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9593-9599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.4910
Okoli, C., & Schabram, K. (2012). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of Information Systems Research. SSRN Electronic Journal, December, 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1954824
Ozório, F. J. D. G., Cavalcante, P., Pitombeira, A. L. F., Junior, G. V. de L., Almeida, S. M. N. de, Almeida, E. R., Souza, A. M. da C., & Paim, I. D. M. (2021). Project Model Canvas’ Contributions to the Project-Based Learning Method. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31686/IJIER.VOL9.ISS1.2916
Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2008). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. In Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887
Remijan, K. W. (2016). Project-based learning and design-focused projects to motivate secondary mathematics students. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1520
Rozhkova, S. V., Ustinova, I. G., Yanuschik, O. V., & Korytov, I. V. (2020). The use of the project-based learning in the study of the course of mathematical analysis. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1134 AISC(April 2023), 871-879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40274-7_85
Septian, A., Darhim, & Prabawanto, S. (2020). Mathematical representation ability through geogebra-assisted project-based learning models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1657(1), 0-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012019
Siemens, G., Onderwijsdagen, S., Age, D., Design, E., Downes, S., & Verhagen, P. (2005). Connectivism : a new learning theory ? Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), 1-5. http://elearning.surf.nl/e-learning/english/3793
Sumartini, T. S., Rahayu, D. V, Noordiana, M. A., Lurytawati, I. P., & Mardiani, D. (2019). Student pedagogical content knowledge through project based learning models. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1280/4/042051
Suri, H. (2020). Analysis , Systematic Reviews and Research Syntheses. In Research Methods in Education (8th ed., Issue 2018, pp. 427-439). Routledge.
Tamim, S. R., & Grant, M. M. (2013). Definitions and Uses: Case Study of Teachers Implementing Project-based Learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1323
Tarakova, B. (2022). Model for Project-Based Training at the Intersection Point of General and Vocational Education. Vocational Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53656/voc22-17mod
Viro, E., Lehtoncn, D., Joutscnlahti, J., & Tahvanainen, V. (2020). Teachers’ perspectives on project-based learning in mathematics and science. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 8(1), 12-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9544
Zayyinah, Z., Erman, E., Supardi, Z., Hariyono, E., & Prahani, B. (2022). STEAM-Integrated Project Based Learning Models: Alternative to Improve 21st Century Skills. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211229.039
Zimmerman. (2022). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions. Routledge, 5841(April), 315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102
How to Cite
Himmi, N., Armanto, D., & Amry, Z. (2025). A Implementation of Project Based Learning (PjBL) in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Analysis of International Practices and Theoretical Foundations. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 26(2), 4305–4321. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.25.or699
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