“Unfinished Adult Children”: A Causal Analysis of the Issue of NEETs in China
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Published
Feb 28, 2025
Abstract
The issue of NEETs (not in education, employment, or training) has recently garnered more attention in Chinese society. In China, the current slang term comparable to NEETs is the “unfinished adult children,” referring to those young persons who are not successful in entering the workforce after graduation. This article focuses on analyzing the causes of the issue in China in three dimensions. In the dimension of tertiary education, college enrollment expansion, low alignment between educational supply and demand, and inadequate career planning and employment training have contributed to youth employment difficulties. In terms of home education, flawed educational expectations and parenting have compromised the social adaptability of the young generation. Personal problems with NEETs, such as irrational employment attitudes, low employment competitiveness, and self-lenient tendency have also exacerbated their predicament. Recom-mendations for addressing this issue are also proposed.
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Keywords
NEETs, Unfinished Adult Children, Youth Employment, China
Supporting Agencies
No funding sources declared.
References
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Jia, X. (2006). How to adapt college education and teaching management to college students’ future employment. Journal of Tianjin Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2006(6), 73-78. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrhgD1GvSFy6yuJ99NBif09yYesteVfs_ZS20a1BUs79QDNzG5ko0DCOnMCkG9TEpKVKYbLEWGlbiN8HbrAPnVgxyAftkGIXcIgl6qLo0hpip-3FOePZk6AT1CgsRB_XClBnrdsWbJ8jc6ELmFVD3xtJnSCJ39ir56w__yl-fhkHcg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
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Li, J. & Nan, Y. (2018). The mismatch between employment supply and demand in China: Based on an examination of university major arrangements and the labor market demand. Journal of Statistics and Information, 33(11), 45-50. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/urlid/61.1421.C.20181023.1454.010
Li, N. (2019). The delayed employment in college graduates: Reasons and coping measures. People’s Tribune, 2019(14), 116-117. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRriWXo3tj-yAUAGHcNWxejSMPJIbV9FhVNN5LY_636HRPaB9GDnBnZS6xIJLfIsrn5UYvR9wJlrx1NdGvC-U-Nv4J7MlaGRVKQgG-owGtcqt2z5bpMxeF7B1LirskdhGdFi6E8ek3Rp95ZQptQkQQxw5CrjG0An4NWNpAZr5Nw8Lig==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Shen, Z. (2006). Home education-related factors for the issue of NEETs. Journal of Shanghai Educational Research, 2006(2), 70-72. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrhJgSUm4cgN-DCry2iya7adZChQjM6Q1uxRJkiIhPhG5zwVinrOUrZi1grw5W_RChVIhCFThPeee10_NT4ibGC8tTv4OFrr5wqduo2frjraUuheyD-kwYnH5seR5toiqcpODI7hc8x2sK72oY_Nk14Ktgav1uSCZwlkNqcJV0q9aQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Sun, Q. (2005). NEETs: A generation of childish adults. China Youth Studies, 2005(8), 62-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2005.08.021
Tan, J. & Wu, Q. (2021). The characteristics of the NEETs in the new era: An analysis based on surveys in four counties and districts in Guangdong Province. China Youth Studies, 2021(6), 84-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2021.0090
Wu, H. (2015). Depending on or taking care of parents? Research on intergenerational support in parent-child co-living families: An analysis based on survey data from seven provincial administrative regions. Journal of Social Sciences, 2015(11), 82-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13644/j.cnki.cn31-1112.2015.11.008
Wu, Y. & Zhao, Q. (2010). Higher education enrollment expansion and employment of college graduates. Economic Research Journal, 45(9), 93-108. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrj4btt4a9rSq6p6pJcvrYnb-AqkC7mS0ENsPXCr9TUBXl9--2_PpnIx9RgEEu-FrmRsBUGt4VOahAHavTY_vt5tnZkp6fjNCN9_Ul8wtksy3RWavD3LrYPs_ycRTvAAvOtsH2gf_FG8CmafX7T6fmZ15VQ6gPTFB0Py8oN6wxu25Q==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Xiao, S. (2005). Causes of the issue of NEETs and relevant psychological counseling programs. Contemporary Youth Research, 2005(3), 32-36. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrjLSDXwv4m7GmXm2Y1-1qHyfQVWHoOxQaalIL4Dcr7LWflF2Sbb8E6fK4MNtzDtfz-LTad5aSOYwSQo3wEY-6Cup9GdvjnJSSGbBvOWr-QbYeUDEK6Pd77Ges_kNsxsNou-9HHc39EZiIH5JF4I5PiHCsW3re8fheBJx0oanVgf1g==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Xie, A., Han, Y., Xun, Y., Luo, Y., & Wang, D. (2005). The impact of university enrollment expansion on the teaching quality of tertiary education. Research in Educational Development, 2005(15), 94-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2005.15.019
Xiong, H. (2017). Hopes for successful academic development of children in lower-class parents: The content and characteristics of the educational expectations of working-class parents. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnics, 28(5), 105-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15946/j.cnki.1001-7178.2017.05.016
Yan, L. (2014). The issue of NEETs in China: Causes and solutions. Modern Women, 2014(1), 210-211. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgUj7GuDfINZ1Khym7WWAvt9YZp0xgXDgqguuT982CMSbTIxOcDuAevbaUVJMkasZqs5HxBnKbO23Vf6UDiCTraPUuEIuSrA96QaE1iv-BwKIpqwhAjfUqavCGaw0SX0wrve7J88rghyAncgQYpsTldUBrvA7fnpvY7R_FtGc1yhg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Yao, X., Fang, X., & Zhang, H. (2013). The change in return rates of educational investment and employment rates after the expansion of university enrollment. China Economic Studies, 2013(2), 3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19365/j.issn1000-4181.2013.02.001
Yi, S. (2014). Excessive investment in education among Chinese households. Technology, Economy, Market, 2014(10), 208. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgyiFWAQ0NRimIWNF1MbqyG5ZB1GSQMWJlt4BDZ_05wxptjekvau2XX9J6Jm0l-XbkmA5acNrICHvoG_QHTpUoiG24DVCY68wUwBWF3Azsj8s_vyAGPTPpRcnukMGvEffkuU8aPLDGUg3t3FZTzCmzvxmhfpGExkDYF3KlX2bQLgg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Zhang, W., Pan, Q., & Shen, R. (2016, August 25). Is manipulation of employment rates an open “secret”? The necessity of reform of evaluation methods for college student employment. China Comment. Available at: http://www.banyuetan.org/chcontent/jrt/2016825/207322.shtml
Zhang, X. & Chai, X. (2019). The employment rates in Chinese College Graduates and evaluation of the quality of higher education. Journal of Northeast Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2019(3), 131-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16164/j.cnki.22-1062/c.2019.03.019
Zhou, J. (2018). The associations between college major selection, talent cultivation, and the labor market demand: Using university education in Jiangxi Province as an example. Education Research Monthly, 2018(1), 35-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16477/j.cnki.issn1674-2311.2018.01.004
Zhu, L. (2012). Adapting university major selection to the labor market demand. Journal of Zhengzhou University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2012(4), 89-91. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrjAz08IM6-Gfb4tPp0ID4wgH3SEYuWtyFEkudNFlO8MPgiC0i71QVct0TuG2mY_8P5QV0qcU_jxHXoGv5CWGI-cHw6qwtR7QV7EcXckVVJGCAq4ObEpDAzLhNpciNNGpZiIsTsVc5V6PEKOWeLCuMjeBPrvsvs9ICI0egyBSmeAmg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Chen, X. (2010). Interpretation of the phenomenon of “graduation with ensuing unemployment” in college graduates: An analysis based on personal factors. Modern Business, Trade, and Industry, 22(21), 284-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19311/j.cnki.1672-3198.2010.21.179
Contemporary Educator. (2024). Viral Cyber Terms. Contemporary Educator, 2024(6), 8. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=WpTTvLMLsy1T9HnyNv97A71lK9HCKQFTaFqfegP5Xj3xPuASBtHX4ajz2wxXbNiLRYW7FMpfrNb24XFXz_UMOVRDzg818M4e4TLYVpmR_fJQ-Dl1FwdzGV4BCPfWGNGJwK6nk8YBjYbI-jsZsOu-cwyIHvP-yZxVK2dU8N6z-TbRkS06vfIHvQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Feng, H. (2009). The mismatch between college major selection, talent cultivation, and the labor market demand. Chinese University Teaching, 2009(2), 24-26. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrj-g3Y3DkZKiQIlBBFP1prOWJ8cMbtPfMEW7Dk4hLi3ArITaIE-HxF27IMkFHOcna7PJ4fwURqrEt-4PcJSsymBvlOSKFTeOvlPWU6hqFJkwUkUv-ZImA7WKeB7q1cvCzfFygYieQ9MrIPySv31Du0-o4mmnVYCr3UmHGAVffStDA==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Huang, Q. (2019). Self-image creation and self-forgiveness in NEETs. Contemporary Youth Research, 2019(1), 80-86. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgWP0ENwTj_sanEODc_-LrRt2sCaGwBoMOw8S54ziYFWesU57P7YqwMocHKErhIfhppG3bFBvrKvxQP9v0KdHsvj1fZT7t3CapDXHPFgq1KQiiUKgRbZ20Ch_6Nzi6t95fgPlMMHOOg8OLiUhTbZ6D8RH68KBaUybpAZXLu-hkm3w==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Huang, S. & Tang, Y. (2024). “Delayed employment” in college graduates: Characteristics, causes, and coping measures. Ideological and Theoretical Education, 2024(9):, 107-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16075/j.cnki.cn31-1220/g4.2024.09.009
Jia, X. (2006). How to adapt college education and teaching management to college students’ future employment. Journal of Tianjin Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), 2006(6), 73-78. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrhgD1GvSFy6yuJ99NBif09yYesteVfs_ZS20a1BUs79QDNzG5ko0DCOnMCkG9TEpKVKYbLEWGlbiN8HbrAPnVgxyAftkGIXcIgl6qLo0hpip-3FOePZk6AT1CgsRB_XClBnrdsWbJ8jc6ELmFVD3xtJnSCJ39ir56w__yl-fhkHcg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Ji, H., Wang, Di., & Yang, F. (2015). Competence-focused education for college students from the perspective of career goals. Contemporary Youth Research, 2015(6), 38-42. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgOkX6thftzKRbgSqH3dMMy5rG0XHSP_9hCxpgs-Md9f3pnV5ZY5MgZb2PSAgvuJ69leFzurwIYvF-0JB4uNU9GCshFKs-RkAjfgGw7m9xNaAzHxmGEZpMIuuN16oQCUVphCe1Ztc3bq7teX_raawwvk3qlwC94yyajPDLQezltJg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Li, J. & Hu, Y. (2021). How to achieve successful academic development of the child: An analysis of the similarities and differences in educational expectations between parents and children. Sociological Studies, 36(3), 204-224+230. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrhF9CC1QvM4erlucbWaqKfUbtAKIolZm_HdI2BStStMhbyMUOVVobYl5FNNXpA64iopC_bgJqld73onxuc_6MvWUS9ViobhWJDJ2LOuG35DSnP21ug6oVmozKc5jozwBl6vdEU1nvbBkyHn-1a_o1D7TkpjrZ0HJua-tv6rE1CRCw==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Li, J. & Nan, Y. (2018). The mismatch between employment supply and demand in China: Based on an examination of university major arrangements and the labor market demand. Journal of Statistics and Information, 33(11), 45-50. Available at: https://link.cnki.net/urlid/61.1421.C.20181023.1454.010
Li, N. (2019). The delayed employment in college graduates: Reasons and coping measures. People’s Tribune, 2019(14), 116-117. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRriWXo3tj-yAUAGHcNWxejSMPJIbV9FhVNN5LY_636HRPaB9GDnBnZS6xIJLfIsrn5UYvR9wJlrx1NdGvC-U-Nv4J7MlaGRVKQgG-owGtcqt2z5bpMxeF7B1LirskdhGdFi6E8ek3Rp95ZQptQkQQxw5CrjG0An4NWNpAZr5Nw8Lig==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Shen, Z. (2006). Home education-related factors for the issue of NEETs. Journal of Shanghai Educational Research, 2006(2), 70-72. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrhJgSUm4cgN-DCry2iya7adZChQjM6Q1uxRJkiIhPhG5zwVinrOUrZi1grw5W_RChVIhCFThPeee10_NT4ibGC8tTv4OFrr5wqduo2frjraUuheyD-kwYnH5seR5toiqcpODI7hc8x2sK72oY_Nk14Ktgav1uSCZwlkNqcJV0q9aQ==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Sun, Q. (2005). NEETs: A generation of childish adults. China Youth Studies, 2005(8), 62-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2005.08.021
Tan, J. & Wu, Q. (2021). The characteristics of the NEETs in the new era: An analysis based on surveys in four counties and districts in Guangdong Province. China Youth Studies, 2021(6), 84-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19633/j.cnki.11-2579/d.2021.0090
Wu, H. (2015). Depending on or taking care of parents? Research on intergenerational support in parent-child co-living families: An analysis based on survey data from seven provincial administrative regions. Journal of Social Sciences, 2015(11), 82-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13644/j.cnki.cn31-1112.2015.11.008
Wu, Y. & Zhao, Q. (2010). Higher education enrollment expansion and employment of college graduates. Economic Research Journal, 45(9), 93-108. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrj4btt4a9rSq6p6pJcvrYnb-AqkC7mS0ENsPXCr9TUBXl9--2_PpnIx9RgEEu-FrmRsBUGt4VOahAHavTY_vt5tnZkp6fjNCN9_Ul8wtksy3RWavD3LrYPs_ycRTvAAvOtsH2gf_FG8CmafX7T6fmZ15VQ6gPTFB0Py8oN6wxu25Q==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Xiao, S. (2005). Causes of the issue of NEETs and relevant psychological counseling programs. Contemporary Youth Research, 2005(3), 32-36. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrjLSDXwv4m7GmXm2Y1-1qHyfQVWHoOxQaalIL4Dcr7LWflF2Sbb8E6fK4MNtzDtfz-LTad5aSOYwSQo3wEY-6Cup9GdvjnJSSGbBvOWr-QbYeUDEK6Pd77Ges_kNsxsNou-9HHc39EZiIH5JF4I5PiHCsW3re8fheBJx0oanVgf1g==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Xie, A., Han, Y., Xun, Y., Luo, Y., & Wang, D. (2005). The impact of university enrollment expansion on the teaching quality of tertiary education. Research in Educational Development, 2005(15), 94-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2005.15.019
Xiong, H. (2017). Hopes for successful academic development of children in lower-class parents: The content and characteristics of the educational expectations of working-class parents. Journal of Research on Education for Ethnics, 28(5), 105-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15946/j.cnki.1001-7178.2017.05.016
Yan, L. (2014). The issue of NEETs in China: Causes and solutions. Modern Women, 2014(1), 210-211. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgUj7GuDfINZ1Khym7WWAvt9YZp0xgXDgqguuT982CMSbTIxOcDuAevbaUVJMkasZqs5HxBnKbO23Vf6UDiCTraPUuEIuSrA96QaE1iv-BwKIpqwhAjfUqavCGaw0SX0wrve7J88rghyAncgQYpsTldUBrvA7fnpvY7R_FtGc1yhg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Yao, X., Fang, X., & Zhang, H. (2013). The change in return rates of educational investment and employment rates after the expansion of university enrollment. China Economic Studies, 2013(2), 3-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19365/j.issn1000-4181.2013.02.001
Yi, S. (2014). Excessive investment in education among Chinese households. Technology, Economy, Market, 2014(10), 208. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrgyiFWAQ0NRimIWNF1MbqyG5ZB1GSQMWJlt4BDZ_05wxptjekvau2XX9J6Jm0l-XbkmA5acNrICHvoG_QHTpUoiG24DVCY68wUwBWF3Azsj8s_vyAGPTPpRcnukMGvEffkuU8aPLDGUg3t3FZTzCmzvxmhfpGExkDYF3KlX2bQLgg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
Zhang, W., Pan, Q., & Shen, R. (2016, August 25). Is manipulation of employment rates an open “secret”? The necessity of reform of evaluation methods for college student employment. China Comment. Available at: http://www.banyuetan.org/chcontent/jrt/2016825/207322.shtml
Zhang, X. & Chai, X. (2019). The employment rates in Chinese College Graduates and evaluation of the quality of higher education. Journal of Northeast Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2019(3), 131-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16164/j.cnki.22-1062/c.2019.03.019
Zhou, J. (2018). The associations between college major selection, talent cultivation, and the labor market demand: Using university education in Jiangxi Province as an example. Education Research Monthly, 2018(1), 35-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16477/j.cnki.issn1674-2311.2018.01.004
Zhu, L. (2012). Adapting university major selection to the labor market demand. Journal of Zhengzhou University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2012(4), 89-91. Available at: https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=fAsipVvIRrjAz08IM6-Gfb4tPp0ID4wgH3SEYuWtyFEkudNFlO8MPgiC0i71QVct0TuG2mY_8P5QV0qcU_jxHXoGv5CWGI-cHw6qwtR7QV7EcXckVVJGCAq4ObEpDAzLhNpciNNGpZiIsTsVc5V6PEKOWeLCuMjeBPrvsvs9ICI0egyBSmeAmg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS
How to Cite
Wang, X. (2025). “Unfinished Adult Children”: A Causal Analysis of the Issue of NEETs in China. Science Insights Education Frontiers, 26(2), 4349–4363. https://doi.org/10.15354/sief.25.re462
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